https://toaq.me/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Hoaqgio&feedformat=atomThe Toaq Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T15:03:24ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.38.1https://toaq.me/index.php?title=Reference_Grammar_of_Toaq&diff=300Reference Grammar of Toaq2021-11-16T22:07:05Z<p>Hoaqgio: added multisyllabic particles explicitly</p>
<hr />
<div>The '''Reference Grammar of Toaq''' (or '''refgram''') was published in September 2021, and can be found [https://toaq.net/refgram/00/ here]. It describes the grammar of [[Toaq 2021]].<br />
<br />
== Changes since early-2021 Toaq ==<br />
These are changes since ([[Toaq 2017]] + [[Changes since Public Beta]]). This overview is mostly relevant if you were already speaking Toaq when the refgram came out.)<br />
<br />
* New segmentation, no more even tone {{Tone|1}}<br />
* Introduction of Type I and Type II [[adverbial]]s<br />
* [[Thematic role]] words like {{t|puoq}} and {{t|chou}}<br />
* Names for all the letters<br />
* {{t|aq}} must be used whenever available: an anaphoric pronoun in its skips over the would-be {{t|aq}} referent.<br />
* Numbers are split up and have special serialization rules<br />
* "Exhibitor slots" are officialized as "genitival serials"<br />
* Particles can be multisyllabic now, allowing for...<br />
** {{t|mıru}}, "Mx.", with same grammar as {{t|mı}}<br />
** {{t|tuq}}, {{t|tushi}} are quantifiers now<br />
* {{t|mao}}, {{t|juaq}} are KU-class particles now<br />
* {{t|fi}}, {{t|go}}, {{t|cu}} are "demoted to experimental"<br />
* Warning/permitting/agreement-seeking illocutions<br />
* New interjections, including {{t|nho}} "yes" and {{t|zi}} "no"<br />
* {{t|duoi}} is now spelled {{t|duo}} (old {{t|duo}} might be gone in favor of {{t|fa}} or other words?)<br />
* {{t|za}} "about to happen"</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Input_methods&diff=290Input methods2021-11-07T20:35:54Z<p>Hoaqgio: Added Kanakey</p>
<hr />
<div>Toaq's [[Latin writing system]] features many letter with diacritics, which are tricky to type on a standard keyboard configured for English. Here are some solutions.<br />
<br />
== Desktop computers ==<br />
=== Compose key ===<br />
You can set up a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key compose key] on your computer, which will change the behavior of one of the keys on your keyboard to "compose" the next two keypresses into one character — for example <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">CapsLock</kbd> <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">?</kbd> <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">a</kbd> becomes {{t|ả}}.<br />
<br />
On Linux, this might not even involve installing anything! Look for "compose key" plus your distro name.<br />
<br />
On Windows, [https://wincompose.info/ WinCompose] is pretty good.<br />
<br />
Here's how to type Toaq-specific characters in the default ruleset:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Character || Combo<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|2}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">'</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|3}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">"</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|4}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">?</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|5}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">^</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|6}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">`</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| {{Tone|7}} || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">~</kbd> + vowel<br />
|-<br />
| dotless i ({{t|ı}}) || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">.</kbd> + <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">i</kbd><br />
|-<br />
| left quote ({{t|«}}) || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">&lt;</kbd> + <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">&lt;</kbd><br />
|-<br />
| right quote ({{t|»}}) || <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">&gt;</kbd> + <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">&gt;</kbd><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Kảıchuo ===<br />
This is a little tool by [[User:Lynn]] that runs in your browser, available [http://foldr.moe/kaichuo/ here]. You type something like <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">Kiai ji kato/ da</kbd> and it turns it into {{t|Kỉaı jí káto da}}. (Wow! It knows {{t|jí}} is a pronoun and automatically adds {{Tone|2}}.)<br />
<br />
Yell at her to add mobile support!<br />
<br />
=== AutoHotkey ===<br />
[https://github.com/toaq/toaq.org/blob/master/toaq.ahk This official AutoHotkey script] will convert <kbd style="border:2px outset;padding:1px 4px">a/</kbd> into á, etc. Oh, it's actually outdated (has the old {{tone|3old}} instead of the new {{tone|3}}).<br />
<br />
=== Kanakey ===<br />
[[User:Hoaqgio]] uses a custom Python script that can be found at https://github.com/toaq/kanakey. The way it works is that the script always runs in the background (you start it on login) and when you want to type Toaq, you type alt+; followed by the Toaq you want in the format of "Mai4 ji2 suq2 da.", and finally you just type ; alone. Then the script erases what you typed and replaces it with pretty Toaq. Unfortunately it has two pretty inconvenient issues, one of which is that it currently can't show an icon in the system tray to indicate whether the script is in "listening mode" or not (which means you can accidentally put it in listening mode and leave it there for a while) and the other of which is that if you have non-text data on your system clipboard at the time you try to use the script, it will simply crash. [[User:Hoaqgio]] recommends not using this unless you really have no better alternative!<br />
<br />
== Phones ==<br />
There's an Android custom keyboard app called "[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kl.ime.oh&hl=en&gl=US MultiLing O]" where, allegedly "you slide your finger from the ,/AltGr key and you get a tone picker there". It is also decently customizable.<br />
<br />
In general, on many phone keyboards you can long-press a vowel to get some accents, though usually not the {{tone|4}} hook. You can install a Vietnamese keyboard layout for that one, and switch between layouts, and suffer. Or use [[sparse tone marking]].<br />
<br />
== Sad alternatives ==<br />
=== ASCII tone markers ===<br />
You can always write the ASCII-friendly <tt>/"?^\~</tt> [[tone]] markers after words like this, usefully combined with sparse tone marking:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><tt>Hio ka. Bu bo^ ji/ sa gi kaichuo rao\ ni/ da.</tt></blockquote><br />
<br />
Or tone number digits <tt>234567</tt>:<br />
<br />
<blockquote><tt>Hio ka. Bu bo5 ji2 sa gi kaichuo rao6 ni2 da.</tt></blockquote><br />
<br />
And you will be understood.<br />
<br />
=== Vietoaq ===<br />
For a bit, a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex_(input_method) Vietnamese Telex] equivalent called '''Vietoaq''' was popular, where the idea was to use consonants at the end of a syllable to represent tone.<br />
<br />
For example, {{t|lé lë lẻ lê lè lẽ}} is written <tt>lep lex len let lek lef</tt>.<br />
<br />
To make matters worse, {{t|léq lëq lẻq lêq lèq lẽq}} is written, by diehard Vietoaq oldbies, as <tt>leb lez lem led leg lev</tt>.<br />
<br />
This was back when compound words used {{tone|1}}, and {{t|lē lēq}} were written <tt>ler lel</tt>. So, {{t|tóaqkūq}} became <tt>toabkul</tt>.<br />
<br />
Eventually came '''Diet Vietoaq''', which just puts one of <tt>pxntkf</tt>, marking the tone for the whole word, at the end of the word: {{t|tóaqkūq}} becomes <tt>toaqkuqp</tt>. In that sense, it is more like the "ASCII tone markers" in the previous section.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=User:Hoaqgio&diff=275User:Hoaqgio2021-11-02T17:40:07Z<p>Hoaqgio: test2</p>
<hr />
<div>{{t|Hoaqgıo}} is a Toaqpoq. They are awesome.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=User:Hoaqgio&diff=274User:Hoaqgio2021-11-02T17:39:45Z<p>Hoaqgio: test</p>
<hr />
<div>{{t|Hoaqgıo}} is a Toaqpoq. They are awesome.<br />
<br />
And it seems like their edits aren't showing up in the #feed channel? This is a test.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Thematic_role&diff=273Thematic role2021-11-02T17:26:36Z<p>Hoaqgio: Fix "te" -> "mu"</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''thematic role''' or '''semantic role''' is a way in which an object can relate to an event.<br />
<br />
Some examples of thematic roles are “agent” (who is willfully causing this event?), “instrument” (what is used to carry out this event?), or “patient” (what is affected/changed by this event?).<br />
<br />
== Syntactic and thematic roles ==<br />
<br />
Thematic roles exist in contrast to ''syntactic roles'', like “subject” or “direct object”: these describe a way in which something participates in a verb ''at the syntax level''.<br />
<br />
In Toaq, syntactic roles are the ones already represented by the “blanks” in verb definitions:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>{{t|choıdea}}: ___ stabs ___.</blockquote><br />
<br />
Whereas thematic roles are represented using verbs that relate an event to an object, generally used as [[prepositions]] ({{tone|6}}):<br />
<br />
<blockquote>{{t|chou}}: ___ is an event with ___ as its instrument.</blockquote><br />
<br />
In these two sentences, the ''syntactic'' subject and object are exchanged, but the ''thematic'' roles stay the same: Brutus, the agent, is causing change, while Caesar, the patient, suffers this change.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! rowspan="2" | Sentence<br />
! colspan="2" | Syntactic roles<br />
! colspan="2" | Thematic roles<br />
|-<br />
! Subject !! Object !! Agent !! Patient<br />
|-<br />
| (1) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary da.}}<br>Brutus stabs Caesar. || Brutus || Caesar || Brutus || Caesar<br />
|-<br />
| (2) {{t|Mủ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy da.}}<br>Caesar is-stabbed-by Brutus. || Caesar || Brutus || Brutus || Caesar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Note that the assignment of Agent and Patient roles to Brutus and Caesar happens “automatically” according to the semantics of {{t|choıdea}}. To stab is for an agent to stab a patient.<br />
<br />
We can further dress the event up with an “instrument” using a thematic role word:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>(3) {{t|Chỏıdea mí Bủtusy mí Kảısary <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}<br>(4) {{t|Mủ chỏıdea mí Kảısary mí Bủtusy <u>chòu</u> sa tỏemy da.}}</blockquote><br />
<br />
We say that the stabbing-event, or the being-stabbed-event, “happens using” a knife.<br />
<br />
== Overview of thematic role words ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Toaq word !! Definition !! Example<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|chou}}<br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''instrument'''.<br />
| {{t|chòu sa tỏemy}} “<u>using</u> a knife”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|nhe}}<br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''extent'''.<br />
| {{t|Lỏq náo nhè sáqheı kẻıcıu}}, “the water is <u>30°C</u> hot”<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" style="text-align:center" | Words below this line are unofficial<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|sıy}}<br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''starting point, source, origin'''.<br />
| {{t|Jảra nháo sìy búe}}, “they run <u>from</u> the house”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|fay}}<br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''end point, direction, goal'''.<br />
| {{t|Jảra nháo fày búe}}, “they run <u>toward</u> the house”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|puoq}}<br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''purpose'''.<br />
| {{t|pùoq jâı súq}}, “<u>so that</u> you may be happy”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|gekyı}}<ref>{{t|kyı}} is an invalid syllable, marking these words as somewhat more experimental than the others.</ref><br />
| ___ is an event with ___ as its '''stimulus'''.<br />
| {{t|Ảchu hó gèkyı póıbā}}, “She sneezes <u>because of/from</u> the grass”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|juqkyı}}<br />
| … '''recipient/benefactor'''<br />
| {{t|Sủaq jí jùqkyı súq}}, “I sing <u>for</u> you”<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|toıkyı}}<br />
| … '''agent'''<br />
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|tekyı}}<br />
| … '''patient'''<br />
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|taqkyı}}<br />
| … '''agent + patient'''<br />
| Usually automatically assigned via syntactic slots.<br />
|-<br />
| {{t|lıekyı}}<br />
| … '''experiencer'''<br />
|<br />
|}</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=User:Uakci/Rime_tables&diff=197User:Uakci/Rime tables2021-10-18T01:35:14Z<p>Hoaqgio: made font larger on legend (key)</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Key ===<br />
==== Backgrounds ====<br />
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
| normal predicate<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | modal predicate<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | anaphoric pronoun<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | particle<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | interjection<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" | unused word form<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | phonolgoically invalid word form<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Highlights ====<br />
* <span style="background-color: palegreen;">unofficial (yet mostly recognized) word</span><br />
* <span style="background-color: crimson;">official but controversial or faulty</span><br />
<br />
=== Table ===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 |<br />
! colspan=4 | bilabial<br />
! colspan=8 | alveolar<br />
! colspan=4 | palatal<br />
! colspan=2 | velar<br />
! colspan=2 | glottal<br />
|-<br />
! m-<br />
! b-<br />
! pʰ-<br />
! f-<br />
! n-<br />
! d-<br />
! tʰ-<br />
! d͜z-<br />
! t͜sʰ-<br />
! s-<br />
! ɾ-<br />
! l-<br />
! ɲ-<br />
! d͜ʑ-<br />
! t͜ɕʰ-<br />
! ɕ-<br />
! ɡ-<br />
! kʰ-<br />
! ʔ-<br />
! h-<br />
|-<br />
! -a<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | polar question complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | optative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| go<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | assertive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | adjective anaphora<br />
| about to<br />
| cause<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | existential quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | or conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | default complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | promissory illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | lambda quantifier<br />
| happen in manner<br />
| arrive<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | predicatizer terminator<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | performative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| people in general<br />
|-<br />
! -aŋ<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | inanimate anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | generic quantifier<br />
| part<br />
| happen<br />
| male<br />
| time<br />
| do to oneself<br />
| appear<br />
| conduct<br />
| three<br />
| about<br />
| sound<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| very<br />
| day<br />
| in front of<br />
| accompany<br />
| visual<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reflexive anaphora<br />
| food<br />
|-<br />
! -u<br />
| passive<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | not<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | past<br />
| offspring<br />
| like this<br />
| seem<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | universal quantifier<br />
| language<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| repeat last verb<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | and conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relativizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | anyway connector<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | incidental clause<br />
| middle<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | single word quote<br />
| two<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | focus<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | vocative<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊŋ<br />
| hand<br />
| mouth<br />
| more than one<br />
| clothing<br />
| snake<br />
| habitually<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | maximal quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you<br />
| rain<br />
| calm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| receive<br />
| eat<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| below<br />
| say<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">or rather conjunction<br />
|-<br />
! -i<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote name<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | prenex terminator<br />
| pee<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| this<br />
| allowed to<br />
| present at<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | no<br />
| six<br />
| pay attention<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative conjunction<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">property constructor?<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I<br />
| believe<br />
| one<br />
| good<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | close parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | what quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪŋ<br />
| infinite<br />
| thousand<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| new<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tile<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| clean<br />
| green<br />
| female<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| real<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">insect</span><br />
| olfactory<br />
| opposite<br />
| movie<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -o<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote<br />
| own<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | possessive predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen in medium<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | conjunction bracket<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | how many quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">expressive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | xor conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">instance-of predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | yes<br />
| four<br />
| like<br />
| become<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | question tag illocution<br />
| ordinal<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | animate anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative illocution<br />
| prevent<br />
| person<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gustatory<br />
| short<br />
| board<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| most<br />
| cry<br />
| warm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| main<br />
| use<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rough<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | abstract anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛ<br />
| aggregate<br />
| baby<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | by standard<br />
| five<br />
| amount<br />
| beautiful<br />
| has been done to<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | predicatizer anaphora<br />
| node<br />
| result<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">if and only if conjunction<br />
| likely<br />
| happen with extent<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | new topic connector<br />
| -er<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | if<br />
| stimulus<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | iota quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| gnomic<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">focus prefix converter<br />
| extrusion<br />
| page<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| luck-based<br />
| ability<br />
| pay<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen with time/date<br />
| tongue<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| equally<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reciprocal anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meet<br />
| feces<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| contain<br />
|-<br />
! -aːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you, I, and them<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">warning illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric abstract<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and I<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | personal pronoun anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| broken<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wave<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | relative phrase anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">uwu<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I and they<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">topic anaphora<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">annoyed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | self-vocative<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| disappear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -oːə<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">dark (unofficial?)<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">circle<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">without conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| communicate<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">owo<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːə<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">distressed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">gender<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">trick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">parallel<br />
|-<br />
! -ə<br />
| generic nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| pal<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| substance/liquid nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | complementizer phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| allow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relative phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -aj<br />
| love<br />
| build<br />
| friend<br />
| common<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | now<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | possible<br />
| succeed<br />
| hope<br />
| strong<br />
| matter<br />
| thing<br />
| symbol<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happy<br />
| tea<br />
| stop<br />
| perceive<br />
| write<br />
| -ish<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊj<br />
| meaning<br />
| outside<br />
| many<br />
| easy<br />
| small<br />
| too much<br />
| sit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| magenta<br />
| least<br />
| gray<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | have done<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| close<br />
| early<br />
| secret<br />
| grain<br />
| happen because of<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bad<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪʊ<br />
| opine<br />
| tube<br />
| skin<br />
| shallow<br />
| plant<br />
| science<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | therefore connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| excrete<br />
| similar<br />
| return<br />
| lightweight<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| born<br />
| address<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | before<br />
| line<br />
| -able<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">true in this possible world<br />
| river<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔj<br />
| think<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | since<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">participle?<br />
| bored<br />
| feel pain<br />
| respect<br />
| do unto<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">universal<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | along with conjunction<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen along with<br />
| sharp<br />
| scream<br />
| treat, doctor<br />
| ambulate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | aforementioned quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔʊ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | demonstrative anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">by the way connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | only<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen towards audience<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | fifth-tone clause anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | reserved word expressing affection<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen with instrument<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | permissive illocution<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in exchange for<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric inanimate intangible<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛj<br />
| mountain<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | emphasis<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">number constructor<br />
| angry<br />
| nine<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">predicate unboxing predicatizer<br />
| form<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">not only focus prefix<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">record of communication<br />
| surround<br />
| rare<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | equality predicatizer<br />
| finger, toe<br />
| be free to<br />
| wear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">play societal role<br />
| ten<br />
|-<br />
! -aːo<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | also focus marker<br />
| white<br />
| parent<br />
| end<br />
| water<br />
| information<br />
| do<br />
| be familiar with<br />
| season<br />
| big<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | during<br />
| wait<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | they<br />
| far<br />
| vehicle<br />
| want<br />
| above<br />
| record<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | would<br />
| stuff<br />
|-<br />
! -uːa<br />
| example<br />
| inhabit<br />
| feel pleasure<br />
| furniture<br />
| remove<br />
| know<br />
| make something happen<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">make something not happen<br />
| respond<br />
| necessary<br />
| flower<br />
| story<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">turn out<br />
| strange<br />
| name<br />
| fall<br />
| country<br />
| room<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | wow<br />
| body part<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaŋ<br />
| dead<br />
| fail<br />
| tactile<br />
| picture<br />
| night<br />
| larva<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">horn<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concept<br />
| sing<br />
| assert<br />
| play<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | even focus prefix<br />
| -ism<br />
| create<br />
| land<br />
| express<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| more<br />
|-<br />
! -iːa<br />
| rich<br />
| ill<br />
| sibling<br />
| previous<br />
| low<br />
| decrease<br />
| behind<br />
| radiate<br />
| lack<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | zero quantifier<br />
| open<br />
| side<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | future<br />
| need<br />
| glass<br />
| ribbon<br />
| red<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| be what<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaŋ<br />
| value<br />
| sufficient<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surprised<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| year<br />
| regular<br />
| brown<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rightward<br />
| place<br />
| tuple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| world<br />
| aware<br />
| foot<br />
| music<br />
| hair<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| poor<br />
|-<br />
! -oːa<br />
| point<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">neck<br />
| closed<br />
| be in mood<br />
| hard<br />
| give<br />
| word<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bridge<br />
| help<br />
| natural<br />
| purple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| week<br />
| utter<br />
| deep<br />
| space<br />
| koa<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | resumptive anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaŋ<br />
| remember<br />
| shadow<br />
| break<br />
| comfortable<br />
| read<br />
| town<br />
| Toaqic<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tame<br />
| garden<br />
| parent<br />
| buttocks<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| leader<br />
| guest<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| smooth<br />
| mature<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| burn<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːa<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | membership predicatizer<br />
| hinge joint<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | ago<br />
| endure<br />
| broad<br />
| hit<br />
| fear<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">random<br />
| sack<br />
| relax<br />
| border<br />
| art<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| buy<br />
| hat<br />
| empty<br />
| high<br />
| machine<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | could<br />
| chunk<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːaŋ<br />
| ship<br />
| stick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sand<br />
| floor<br />
| breast<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">nail<br />
| have sex<br />
| recline<br />
| adjacent<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| increase<br />
| trusty<br />
| stand<br />
| dirty<br />
| salty<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -uːo<br />
| complete<br />
| ready<br />
| powder<br />
| touch<br />
| sleep<br />
| continue<br />
| swallow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">move<br />
| assume<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and them<br />
| behave<br />
| family<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| letter<br />
| tool<br />
| deposit<br />
| instance<br />
| black<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| auditory<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔŋ<br />
| matter<br />
| non-serious<br />
| happen with purpose<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| mirror<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| heavy<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">child<br />
| straight<br />
| balanced<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | should<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| anus<br />
| bone<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːo<br />
| blue<br />
| cup<br />
| rock<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">beige<br />
| young<br />
| daytime<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quantitative interrogative complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| adolescent<br />
| idea<br />
| air<br />
| left<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| building<br />
| repeat<br />
| ball joint<br />
| light<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | open parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">emphatic exclamation illocution<br />
| greet<br />
|-<br />
! -iːɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">hit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tooth<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| lock<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| button<br />
| wheel<br />
| type<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| calculate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| ball<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| proud<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːo<br />
| sad<br />
| change<br />
| pass through<br />
| direction<br />
| atop<br />
| child<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote terminator<br />
| fruit<br />
| begin<br />
| spouse<br />
| colored<br />
| try<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| true<br />
| satisfy property reciprocally<br />
| sorry<br />
| old<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | but connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| diffeent<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːɔŋ<br />
| slow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">base<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| Mx.<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| question<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sky<br />
| late<br />
| shield<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concate<br />
| bottle<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| waist<br />
|-<br />
! -uːe<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| home<br />
| foot<br />
| hundred<br />
| promise<br />
| correct<br />
| event<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| reign<br />
| request<br />
| weak<br />
| yellow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| month<br />
| train<br />
| remain<br />
| curved<br />
| book<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| feather<br />
|-<br />
! -uːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tread<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meat<br />
| field<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">public<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tight<br />
| serve<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bitter<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gather<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːe<br />
| live<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | after<br />
| drink<br />
| ugly<br />
| inside<br />
| suggest<br />
| cover<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">mention<br />
| fish<br />
| following<br />
| between<br />
| experience<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| be according to<br />
| learn<br />
| awake<br />
| arm<br />
| grateful<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -iːeŋ<br />
| measure<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| invent<br />
| unexperienced<br />
| send<br />
| path<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| amazed<br />
| avoid<br />
| wedge<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| pointed tip<br />
| intersect<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| shock<br />
| disgusted<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">throw<br />
|-<br />
! -oːe<br />
| feel<br />
| shet<br />
| separate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| function<br />
| cut<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| joined<br />
| sour<br />
| healthy<br />
| flame<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in medium<br />
| experienced<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | until<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | happen in a given time<br />
| choose<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">listen here!<br />
| sun<br />
|-<br />
! -oːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">despite<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔj<br />
| rotate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| chew<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| flaw<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">awesome<br />
| thin<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| describe<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">rope<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| less<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tail<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaj<br />
| umami<br />
| long<br />
| wild<br />
| committee<br />
| money<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | must<br />
| body<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wet<br />
| fast<br />
| royal<br />
| funny<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| serious<br />
| frozen<br />
| simple<br />
| work<br />
| urge for<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| scoop<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaj<br />
| rhyme<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| animal<br />
| seven<br />
| box<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| blood<br />
| support<br />
| swim<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| grasp<br />
| wrong<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carve<br />
| look after<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| laugh<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaj<br />
| thick<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surrender<br />
| seed, egg<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">detail<br />
| milk<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| quantum<br />
| doubt<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beam<br />
| eight<br />
| flow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| search<br />
| cost<br />
| wing<br />
| rub<br />
| net<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | uh-oh<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -eːaj<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| deserving<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">repulsed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">suffer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">against<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| have right<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uˈaːʊ<br />
| tree<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| cloud<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| arch<br />
| sweet<br />
| little<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beyond<br />
| important<br />
| forgive<br />
| lip<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rule<br />
| window<br />
| bird<br />
| bifurcation<br />
| cyan<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| loose<br />
|-<br />
! -iˈaːʊ<br />
| moon<br />
| confused<br />
| complicated<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| snow<br />
| drop<br />
| match<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">culture<br />
| beginning<br />
| twilight<br />
| fungus<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| god<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| dry<br />
| doorway<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| harm<br />
|}</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=User:Uakci/Rime_tables&diff=196User:Uakci/Rime tables2021-10-18T01:34:43Z<p>Hoaqgio: improved legend (key)</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Key ===<br />
==== Backgrounds ====<br />
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
| normal predicate<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | modal predicate<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | anaphoric pronoun<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | particle<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | interjection<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" | unused word form<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | phonolgoically invalid word form<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==== Highlights ====<br />
* <span style="background-color: palegreen;">unofficial (yet mostly recognized) word</span><br />
* <span style="background-color: crimson;">official but controversial or faulty</span><br />
<br />
=== Table ===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 |<br />
! colspan=4 | bilabial<br />
! colspan=8 | alveolar<br />
! colspan=4 | palatal<br />
! colspan=2 | velar<br />
! colspan=2 | glottal<br />
|-<br />
! m-<br />
! b-<br />
! pʰ-<br />
! f-<br />
! n-<br />
! d-<br />
! tʰ-<br />
! d͜z-<br />
! t͜sʰ-<br />
! s-<br />
! ɾ-<br />
! l-<br />
! ɲ-<br />
! d͜ʑ-<br />
! t͜ɕʰ-<br />
! ɕ-<br />
! ɡ-<br />
! kʰ-<br />
! ʔ-<br />
! h-<br />
|-<br />
! -a<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | polar question complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | optative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| go<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | assertive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | adjective anaphora<br />
| about to<br />
| cause<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | existential quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | or conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | default complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | promissory illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | lambda quantifier<br />
| happen in manner<br />
| arrive<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | predicatizer terminator<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | performative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| people in general<br />
|-<br />
! -aŋ<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | inanimate anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | generic quantifier<br />
| part<br />
| happen<br />
| male<br />
| time<br />
| do to oneself<br />
| appear<br />
| conduct<br />
| three<br />
| about<br />
| sound<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| very<br />
| day<br />
| in front of<br />
| accompany<br />
| visual<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reflexive anaphora<br />
| food<br />
|-<br />
! -u<br />
| passive<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | not<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | past<br />
| offspring<br />
| like this<br />
| seem<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | universal quantifier<br />
| language<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| repeat last verb<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | and conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relativizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | anyway connector<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | incidental clause<br />
| middle<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | single word quote<br />
| two<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | focus<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | vocative<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊŋ<br />
| hand<br />
| mouth<br />
| more than one<br />
| clothing<br />
| snake<br />
| habitually<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | maximal quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you<br />
| rain<br />
| calm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| receive<br />
| eat<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| below<br />
| say<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">or rather conjunction<br />
|-<br />
! -i<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote name<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | prenex terminator<br />
| pee<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| this<br />
| allowed to<br />
| present at<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | no<br />
| six<br />
| pay attention<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative conjunction<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">property constructor?<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I<br />
| believe<br />
| one<br />
| good<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | close parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | what quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪŋ<br />
| infinite<br />
| thousand<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| new<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tile<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| clean<br />
| green<br />
| female<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| real<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">insect</span><br />
| olfactory<br />
| opposite<br />
| movie<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -o<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote<br />
| own<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | possessive predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen in medium<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | conjunction bracket<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | how many quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">expressive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | xor conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">instance-of predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | yes<br />
| four<br />
| like<br />
| become<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | question tag illocution<br />
| ordinal<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | animate anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative illocution<br />
| prevent<br />
| person<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gustatory<br />
| short<br />
| board<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| most<br />
| cry<br />
| warm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| main<br />
| use<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rough<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | abstract anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛ<br />
| aggregate<br />
| baby<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | by standard<br />
| five<br />
| amount<br />
| beautiful<br />
| has been done to<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | predicatizer anaphora<br />
| node<br />
| result<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">if and only if conjunction<br />
| likely<br />
| happen with extent<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | new topic connector<br />
| -er<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | if<br />
| stimulus<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | iota quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| gnomic<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">focus prefix converter<br />
| extrusion<br />
| page<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| luck-based<br />
| ability<br />
| pay<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen with time/date<br />
| tongue<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| equally<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reciprocal anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meet<br />
| feces<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| contain<br />
|-<br />
! -aːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you, I, and them<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">warning illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric abstract<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and I<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | personal pronoun anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| broken<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wave<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | relative phrase anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">uwu<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I and they<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">topic anaphora<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">annoyed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | self-vocative<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| disappear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -oːə<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">dark (unofficial?)<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">circle<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">without conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| communicate<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">owo<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːə<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">distressed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">gender<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">trick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">parallel<br />
|-<br />
! -ə<br />
| generic nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| pal<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| substance/liquid nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | complementizer phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| allow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relative phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -aj<br />
| love<br />
| build<br />
| friend<br />
| common<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | now<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | possible<br />
| succeed<br />
| hope<br />
| strong<br />
| matter<br />
| thing<br />
| symbol<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happy<br />
| tea<br />
| stop<br />
| perceive<br />
| write<br />
| -ish<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊj<br />
| meaning<br />
| outside<br />
| many<br />
| easy<br />
| small<br />
| too much<br />
| sit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| magenta<br />
| least<br />
| gray<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | have done<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| close<br />
| early<br />
| secret<br />
| grain<br />
| happen because of<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bad<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪʊ<br />
| opine<br />
| tube<br />
| skin<br />
| shallow<br />
| plant<br />
| science<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | therefore connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| excrete<br />
| similar<br />
| return<br />
| lightweight<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| born<br />
| address<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | before<br />
| line<br />
| -able<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">true in this possible world<br />
| river<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔj<br />
| think<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | since<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">participle?<br />
| bored<br />
| feel pain<br />
| respect<br />
| do unto<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">universal<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | along with conjunction<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen along with<br />
| sharp<br />
| scream<br />
| treat, doctor<br />
| ambulate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | aforementioned quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔʊ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | demonstrative anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">by the way connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | only<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen towards audience<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | fifth-tone clause anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | reserved word expressing affection<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen with instrument<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | permissive illocution<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in exchange for<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric inanimate intangible<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛj<br />
| mountain<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | emphasis<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">number constructor<br />
| angry<br />
| nine<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">predicate unboxing predicatizer<br />
| form<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">not only focus prefix<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">record of communication<br />
| surround<br />
| rare<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | equality predicatizer<br />
| finger, toe<br />
| be free to<br />
| wear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">play societal role<br />
| ten<br />
|-<br />
! -aːo<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | also focus marker<br />
| white<br />
| parent<br />
| end<br />
| water<br />
| information<br />
| do<br />
| be familiar with<br />
| season<br />
| big<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | during<br />
| wait<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | they<br />
| far<br />
| vehicle<br />
| want<br />
| above<br />
| record<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | would<br />
| stuff<br />
|-<br />
! -uːa<br />
| example<br />
| inhabit<br />
| feel pleasure<br />
| furniture<br />
| remove<br />
| know<br />
| make something happen<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">make something not happen<br />
| respond<br />
| necessary<br />
| flower<br />
| story<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">turn out<br />
| strange<br />
| name<br />
| fall<br />
| country<br />
| room<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | wow<br />
| body part<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaŋ<br />
| dead<br />
| fail<br />
| tactile<br />
| picture<br />
| night<br />
| larva<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">horn<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concept<br />
| sing<br />
| assert<br />
| play<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | even focus prefix<br />
| -ism<br />
| create<br />
| land<br />
| express<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| more<br />
|-<br />
! -iːa<br />
| rich<br />
| ill<br />
| sibling<br />
| previous<br />
| low<br />
| decrease<br />
| behind<br />
| radiate<br />
| lack<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | zero quantifier<br />
| open<br />
| side<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | future<br />
| need<br />
| glass<br />
| ribbon<br />
| red<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| be what<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaŋ<br />
| value<br />
| sufficient<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surprised<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| year<br />
| regular<br />
| brown<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rightward<br />
| place<br />
| tuple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| world<br />
| aware<br />
| foot<br />
| music<br />
| hair<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| poor<br />
|-<br />
! -oːa<br />
| point<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">neck<br />
| closed<br />
| be in mood<br />
| hard<br />
| give<br />
| word<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bridge<br />
| help<br />
| natural<br />
| purple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| week<br />
| utter<br />
| deep<br />
| space<br />
| koa<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | resumptive anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaŋ<br />
| remember<br />
| shadow<br />
| break<br />
| comfortable<br />
| read<br />
| town<br />
| Toaqic<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tame<br />
| garden<br />
| parent<br />
| buttocks<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| leader<br />
| guest<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| smooth<br />
| mature<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| burn<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːa<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | membership predicatizer<br />
| hinge joint<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | ago<br />
| endure<br />
| broad<br />
| hit<br />
| fear<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">random<br />
| sack<br />
| relax<br />
| border<br />
| art<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| buy<br />
| hat<br />
| empty<br />
| high<br />
| machine<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | could<br />
| chunk<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːaŋ<br />
| ship<br />
| stick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sand<br />
| floor<br />
| breast<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">nail<br />
| have sex<br />
| recline<br />
| adjacent<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| increase<br />
| trusty<br />
| stand<br />
| dirty<br />
| salty<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -uːo<br />
| complete<br />
| ready<br />
| powder<br />
| touch<br />
| sleep<br />
| continue<br />
| swallow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">move<br />
| assume<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and them<br />
| behave<br />
| family<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| letter<br />
| tool<br />
| deposit<br />
| instance<br />
| black<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| auditory<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔŋ<br />
| matter<br />
| non-serious<br />
| happen with purpose<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| mirror<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| heavy<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">child<br />
| straight<br />
| balanced<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | should<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| anus<br />
| bone<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːo<br />
| blue<br />
| cup<br />
| rock<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">beige<br />
| young<br />
| daytime<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quantitative interrogative complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| adolescent<br />
| idea<br />
| air<br />
| left<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| building<br />
| repeat<br />
| ball joint<br />
| light<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | open parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">emphatic exclamation illocution<br />
| greet<br />
|-<br />
! -iːɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">hit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tooth<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| lock<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| button<br />
| wheel<br />
| type<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| calculate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| ball<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| proud<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːo<br />
| sad<br />
| change<br />
| pass through<br />
| direction<br />
| atop<br />
| child<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote terminator<br />
| fruit<br />
| begin<br />
| spouse<br />
| colored<br />
| try<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| true<br />
| satisfy property reciprocally<br />
| sorry<br />
| old<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | but connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| diffeent<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːɔŋ<br />
| slow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">base<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| Mx.<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| question<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sky<br />
| late<br />
| shield<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concate<br />
| bottle<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| waist<br />
|-<br />
! -uːe<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| home<br />
| foot<br />
| hundred<br />
| promise<br />
| correct<br />
| event<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| reign<br />
| request<br />
| weak<br />
| yellow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| month<br />
| train<br />
| remain<br />
| curved<br />
| book<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| feather<br />
|-<br />
! -uːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tread<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meat<br />
| field<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">public<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tight<br />
| serve<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bitter<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gather<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːe<br />
| live<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | after<br />
| drink<br />
| ugly<br />
| inside<br />
| suggest<br />
| cover<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">mention<br />
| fish<br />
| following<br />
| between<br />
| experience<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| be according to<br />
| learn<br />
| awake<br />
| arm<br />
| grateful<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -iːeŋ<br />
| measure<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| invent<br />
| unexperienced<br />
| send<br />
| path<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| amazed<br />
| avoid<br />
| wedge<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| pointed tip<br />
| intersect<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| shock<br />
| disgusted<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">throw<br />
|-<br />
! -oːe<br />
| feel<br />
| shet<br />
| separate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| function<br />
| cut<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| joined<br />
| sour<br />
| healthy<br />
| flame<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in medium<br />
| experienced<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | until<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | happen in a given time<br />
| choose<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">listen here!<br />
| sun<br />
|-<br />
! -oːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">despite<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔj<br />
| rotate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| chew<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| flaw<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">awesome<br />
| thin<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| describe<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">rope<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| less<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tail<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaj<br />
| umami<br />
| long<br />
| wild<br />
| committee<br />
| money<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | must<br />
| body<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wet<br />
| fast<br />
| royal<br />
| funny<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| serious<br />
| frozen<br />
| simple<br />
| work<br />
| urge for<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| scoop<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaj<br />
| rhyme<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| animal<br />
| seven<br />
| box<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| blood<br />
| support<br />
| swim<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| grasp<br />
| wrong<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carve<br />
| look after<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| laugh<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaj<br />
| thick<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surrender<br />
| seed, egg<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">detail<br />
| milk<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| quantum<br />
| doubt<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beam<br />
| eight<br />
| flow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| search<br />
| cost<br />
| wing<br />
| rub<br />
| net<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | uh-oh<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -eːaj<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| deserving<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">repulsed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">suffer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">against<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| have right<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uˈaːʊ<br />
| tree<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| cloud<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| arch<br />
| sweet<br />
| little<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beyond<br />
| important<br />
| forgive<br />
| lip<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rule<br />
| window<br />
| bird<br />
| bifurcation<br />
| cyan<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| loose<br />
|-<br />
! -iˈaːʊ<br />
| moon<br />
| confused<br />
| complicated<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| snow<br />
| drop<br />
| match<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">culture<br />
| beginning<br />
| twilight<br />
| fungus<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| god<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| dry<br />
| doorway<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| harm<br />
|}</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=User:Uakci/Rime_tables&diff=195User:Uakci/Rime tables2021-10-18T01:17:39Z<p>Hoaqgio: removed em dashes from "free root" entries</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Key ===<br />
==== Backgrounds ====<br />
<div style="background-color: black;"><br />
* <span style="color: cornsilk;">modal predicate</span><br />
* <span style="color: darkseagreen;">anaphoric predicate</span><br />
* <span style="color: paleturquoise;">particle</span><br />
* <span style="color: lightpink;">interjection</span><br />
* <span style="color: lightgray;">free root</span><br />
* <span style="color: darkgray;">phonologically impassable root</span><br />
</div><br />
<br />
==== Highlights ====<br />
* <span style="background-color: palegreen;">unofficial (yet mostly recognized) word</span><br />
* <span style="background-color: crimson;">official but controversial or faulty</span><br />
<br />
=== Table ===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="font-size: 75%;"<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan=2 |<br />
! colspan=4 | bilabial<br />
! colspan=8 | alveolar<br />
! colspan=4 | palatal<br />
! colspan=2 | velar<br />
! colspan=2 | glottal<br />
|-<br />
! m-<br />
! b-<br />
! pʰ-<br />
! f-<br />
! n-<br />
! d-<br />
! tʰ-<br />
! d͜z-<br />
! t͜sʰ-<br />
! s-<br />
! ɾ-<br />
! l-<br />
! ɲ-<br />
! d͜ʑ-<br />
! t͜ɕʰ-<br />
! ɕ-<br />
! ɡ-<br />
! kʰ-<br />
! ʔ-<br />
! h-<br />
|-<br />
! -a<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | polar question complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | optative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| go<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | assertive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | adjective anaphora<br />
| about to<br />
| cause<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | existential quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | or conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | default complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | promissory illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | lambda quantifier<br />
| happen in manner<br />
| arrive<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | predicatizer terminator<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | performative illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| people in general<br />
|-<br />
! -aŋ<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | inanimate anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | generic quantifier<br />
| part<br />
| happen<br />
| male<br />
| time<br />
| do to oneself<br />
| appear<br />
| conduct<br />
| three<br />
| about<br />
| sound<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| very<br />
| day<br />
| in front of<br />
| accompany<br />
| visual<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reflexive anaphora<br />
| food<br />
|-<br />
! -u<br />
| passive<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | not<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | past<br />
| offspring<br />
| like this<br />
| seem<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | universal quantifier<br />
| language<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| repeat last verb<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | and conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relativizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | anyway connector<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | incidental clause<br />
| middle<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | single word quote<br />
| two<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | focus<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | vocative<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊŋ<br />
| hand<br />
| mouth<br />
| more than one<br />
| clothing<br />
| snake<br />
| habitually<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | maximal quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you<br />
| rain<br />
| calm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| receive<br />
| eat<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| below<br />
| say<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">or rather conjunction<br />
|-<br />
! -i<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote name<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | prenex terminator<br />
| pee<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| this<br />
| allowed to<br />
| present at<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | no<br />
| six<br />
| pay attention<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative conjunction<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">property constructor?<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I<br />
| believe<br />
| one<br />
| good<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | close parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | what quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪŋ<br />
| infinite<br />
| thousand<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| new<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tile<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| clean<br />
| green<br />
| female<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| real<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">insect</span><br />
| olfactory<br />
| opposite<br />
| movie<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -o<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote<br />
| own<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | possessive predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen in medium<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | conjunction bracket<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | how many quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">expressive illocution<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | xor conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">instance-of predicatizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | yes<br />
| four<br />
| like<br />
| become<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | question tag illocution<br />
| ordinal<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | animate anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | interrogative illocution<br />
| prevent<br />
| person<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gustatory<br />
| short<br />
| board<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| most<br />
| cry<br />
| warm<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| main<br />
| use<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rough<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | abstract anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛ<br />
| aggregate<br />
| baby<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | by standard<br />
| five<br />
| amount<br />
| beautiful<br />
| has been done to<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | predicatizer anaphora<br />
| node<br />
| result<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">if and only if conjunction<br />
| likely<br />
| happen with extent<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | new topic connector<br />
| -er<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | if<br />
| stimulus<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | iota quantifier<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <br />
| gnomic<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛŋ<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">focus prefix converter<br />
| extrusion<br />
| page<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| luck-based<br />
| ability<br />
| pay<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen with time/date<br />
| tongue<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| equally<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | reciprocal anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meet<br />
| feces<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| contain<br />
|-<br />
! -aːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you, I, and them<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">warning illocution<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric abstract<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and I<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | personal pronoun anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| broken<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wave<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | relative phrase anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">uwu<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːə<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | I and they<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">topic anaphora<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">annoyed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | self-vocative<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| disappear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -oːə<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">dark (unofficial?)<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">circle<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">without conjunction<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| communicate<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">owo<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːə<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">distressed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">gender<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">trick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">parallel<br />
|-<br />
! -ə<br />
| generic nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| pal<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| substance/liquid nominalizer<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | complementizer phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| allow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | relative phrase terminator<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -aj<br />
| love<br />
| build<br />
| friend<br />
| common<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | now<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | possible<br />
| succeed<br />
| hope<br />
| strong<br />
| matter<br />
| thing<br />
| symbol<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happy<br />
| tea<br />
| stop<br />
| perceive<br />
| write<br />
| -ish<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -ʊj<br />
| meaning<br />
| outside<br />
| many<br />
| easy<br />
| small<br />
| too much<br />
| sit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| magenta<br />
| least<br />
| gray<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | have done<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| close<br />
| early<br />
| secret<br />
| grain<br />
| happen because of<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bad<br />
|-<br />
! -ɪʊ<br />
| opine<br />
| tube<br />
| skin<br />
| shallow<br />
| plant<br />
| science<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | therefore connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| excrete<br />
| similar<br />
| return<br />
| lightweight<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| born<br />
| address<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | before<br />
| line<br />
| -able<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">true in this possible world<br />
| river<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔj<br />
| think<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | since<br />
| <span style="background-color: crimson;">participle?<br />
| bored<br />
| feel pain<br />
| respect<br />
| do unto<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">universal<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | along with conjunction<br />
| fight<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen along with<br />
| sharp<br />
| scream<br />
| treat, doctor<br />
| ambulate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | aforementioned quantifier<br />
|-<br />
! -ɔʊ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | demonstrative anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">by the way connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | only<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen towards audience<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | fifth-tone clause anaphora<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | reserved word expressing affection<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| happen with instrument<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | permissive illocution<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in exchange for<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">exophoric inanimate intangible<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛj<br />
| mountain<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | emphasis<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">number constructor<br />
| angry<br />
| nine<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">predicate unboxing predicatizer<br />
| form<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">not only focus prefix<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">record of communication<br />
| surround<br />
| rare<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | equality predicatizer<br />
| finger, toe<br />
| be free to<br />
| wear<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">play societal role<br />
| ten<br />
|-<br />
! -aːo<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | also focus marker<br />
| white<br />
| parent<br />
| end<br />
| water<br />
| information<br />
| do<br />
| be familiar with<br />
| season<br />
| big<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | during<br />
| wait<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | they<br />
| far<br />
| vehicle<br />
| want<br />
| above<br />
| record<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | would<br />
| stuff<br />
|-<br />
! -uːa<br />
| example<br />
| inhabit<br />
| feel pleasure<br />
| furniture<br />
| remove<br />
| know<br />
| make something happen<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">make something not happen<br />
| respond<br />
| necessary<br />
| flower<br />
| story<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">turn out<br />
| strange<br />
| name<br />
| fall<br />
| country<br />
| room<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | wow<br />
| body part<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaŋ<br />
| dead<br />
| fail<br />
| tactile<br />
| picture<br />
| night<br />
| larva<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">horn<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concept<br />
| sing<br />
| assert<br />
| play<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | even focus prefix<br />
| -ism<br />
| create<br />
| land<br />
| express<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| more<br />
|-<br />
! -iːa<br />
| rich<br />
| ill<br />
| sibling<br />
| previous<br />
| low<br />
| decrease<br />
| behind<br />
| radiate<br />
| lack<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | zero quantifier<br />
| open<br />
| side<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | future<br />
| need<br />
| glass<br />
| ribbon<br />
| red<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| be what<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaŋ<br />
| value<br />
| sufficient<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surprised<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| year<br />
| regular<br />
| brown<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rightward<br />
| place<br />
| tuple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| world<br />
| aware<br />
| foot<br />
| music<br />
| hair<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| poor<br />
|-<br />
! -oːa<br />
| point<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">neck<br />
| closed<br />
| be in mood<br />
| hard<br />
| give<br />
| word<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bridge<br />
| help<br />
| natural<br />
| purple<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| week<br />
| utter<br />
| deep<br />
| space<br />
| koa<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | resumptive anaphora<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaŋ<br />
| remember<br />
| shadow<br />
| break<br />
| comfortable<br />
| read<br />
| town<br />
| Toaqic<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tame<br />
| garden<br />
| parent<br />
| buttocks<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| leader<br />
| guest<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| smooth<br />
| mature<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| burn<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːa<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | membership predicatizer<br />
| hinge joint<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | ago<br />
| endure<br />
| broad<br />
| hit<br />
| fear<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">random<br />
| sack<br />
| relax<br />
| border<br />
| art<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| buy<br />
| hat<br />
| empty<br />
| high<br />
| machine<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | could<br />
| chunk<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːaŋ<br />
| ship<br />
| stick<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sand<br />
| floor<br />
| breast<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">nail<br />
| have sex<br />
| recline<br />
| adjacent<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| increase<br />
| trusty<br />
| stand<br />
| dirty<br />
| salty<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -uːo<br />
| complete<br />
| ready<br />
| powder<br />
| touch<br />
| sleep<br />
| continue<br />
| swallow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">move<br />
| assume<br />
| style="background-color: darkseagreen;" | you and them<br />
| behave<br />
| family<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| letter<br />
| tool<br />
| deposit<br />
| instance<br />
| black<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| auditory<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔŋ<br />
| matter<br />
| non-serious<br />
| happen with purpose<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| mirror<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| heavy<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">child<br />
| straight<br />
| balanced<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | should<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| anus<br />
| bone<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːo<br />
| blue<br />
| cup<br />
| rock<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">beige<br />
| young<br />
| daytime<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quantitative interrogative complementizer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| adolescent<br />
| idea<br />
| air<br />
| left<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| building<br />
| repeat<br />
| ball joint<br />
| light<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | open parenthetical statement<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">emphatic exclamation illocution<br />
| greet<br />
|-<br />
! -iːɔŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">hit<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tooth<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| lock<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| button<br />
| wheel<br />
| type<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| calculate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| ball<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| proud<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːo<br />
| sad<br />
| change<br />
| pass through<br />
| direction<br />
| atop<br />
| child<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | quote terminator<br />
| fruit<br />
| begin<br />
| spouse<br />
| colored<br />
| try<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| true<br />
| satisfy property reciprocally<br />
| sorry<br />
| old<br />
| style="background-color: paleturquoise;" | but connector<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| diffeent<br />
|-<br />
! -ɛːɔŋ<br />
| slow<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">base<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| Mx.<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| question<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| sky<br />
| late<br />
| shield<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| concate<br />
| bottle<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| waist<br />
|-<br />
! -uːe<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| home<br />
| foot<br />
| hundred<br />
| promise<br />
| correct<br />
| event<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| reign<br />
| request<br />
| weak<br />
| yellow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| month<br />
| train<br />
| remain<br />
| curved<br />
| book<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| feather<br />
|-<br />
! -uːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tread<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| meat<br />
| field<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">public<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tight<br />
| serve<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| bitter<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| gather<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -iːe<br />
| live<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | after<br />
| drink<br />
| ugly<br />
| inside<br />
| suggest<br />
| cover<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">mention<br />
| fish<br />
| following<br />
| between<br />
| experience<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| be according to<br />
| learn<br />
| awake<br />
| arm<br />
| grateful<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carry<br />
|-<br />
! -iːeŋ<br />
| measure<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| invent<br />
| unexperienced<br />
| send<br />
| path<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| amazed<br />
| avoid<br />
| wedge<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| pointed tip<br />
| intersect<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| shock<br />
| disgusted<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">throw<br />
|-<br />
! -oːe<br />
| feel<br />
| shet<br />
| separate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| function<br />
| cut<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| joined<br />
| sour<br />
| healthy<br />
| flame<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">happen in medium<br />
| experienced<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | until<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | happen in a given time<br />
| choose<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | <span style="background-color: palegreen;">listen here!<br />
| sun<br />
|-<br />
! -oːeŋ<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">despite<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uːɔj<br />
| rotate<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| chew<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| flaw<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">awesome<br />
| thin<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| describe<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">rope<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| less<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| tail<br />
|-<br />
! -uːaj<br />
| umami<br />
| long<br />
| wild<br />
| committee<br />
| money<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | must<br />
| body<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| wet<br />
| fast<br />
| royal<br />
| funny<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| serious<br />
| frozen<br />
| simple<br />
| work<br />
| urge for<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| scoop<br />
|-<br />
! -iːaj<br />
| rhyme<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| animal<br />
| seven<br />
| box<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| blood<br />
| support<br />
| swim<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| grasp<br />
| wrong<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| carve<br />
| look after<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| laugh<br />
|-<br />
! -oːaj<br />
| thick<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">surrender<br />
| seed, egg<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">detail<br />
| milk<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| quantum<br />
| doubt<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beam<br />
| eight<br />
| flow<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| search<br />
| cost<br />
| wing<br />
| rub<br />
| net<br />
| style="background-color: lightpink;" | uh-oh<br />
| style="background-color: cornsilk;" | already<br />
|-<br />
! -eːaj<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| deserving<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">repulsed<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">suffer<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">against<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| have right<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
|-<br />
! -uˈaːʊ<br />
| tree<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| cloud<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| arch<br />
| sweet<br />
| little<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| beyond<br />
| important<br />
| forgive<br />
| lip<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| rule<br />
| window<br />
| bird<br />
| bifurcation<br />
| cyan<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| loose<br />
|-<br />
! -iˈaːʊ<br />
| moon<br />
| confused<br />
| complicated<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| snow<br />
| drop<br />
| match<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| <span style="background-color: palegreen;">culture<br />
| beginning<br />
| twilight<br />
| fungus<br />
| style="background-color: darkgray;" | (—)<br />
| god<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| dry<br />
| doorway<br />
| style="background-color: lightgray;" |<br />
| harm<br />
|}</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=189Open problems in translation2021-10-14T16:24:21Z<p>Hoaqgio: tiny edit to intro text</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences and phrases for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no accurate translation is known at all, sentences for which accurate translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="a very large thorn"===<br />
<br />
This translation exercise is a phrase rather than a sentence. The phrase is "very large thorn", and although it seems like a perfect use of Toaq's serial predicates, it is not possible to achieve the desired meaning through official serial behavior alone. Here are some attempts, beginning with two attempts that use official serial behavior (and fail to achieve the correct meaning):<br />
<br />
* {{T|jaq sao choıbeq}} This is the obvious attempt, but it fails because serials are right-grouping. The serial groups as {{T|jaq (sao choıbeq)}}, and so refers to something that is "very much a large thorn". This is different than the intended meaning in that we are not modifying the largeness but rather modifying the "large thorn"-ness. Something which is undeniably large but only sort of a thorn would be a very large thorn, but would not be "very much a large thorn". And arguably, a *gigantic* thorn would not be "very much a large thorn" either, since it's too large to be such a great match for the description "large thorn".<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jaq sao}} This solution groups as {{T|choıbeq (jaq sao)}}, which has {{T|jaq sao}} grouped together as it should be. However, the modifier ends up on the right side of the serialization with {{T|choıbeq}}, where it cannot take on attributive adjective semantics as per official Toaq serial rules.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao pè baq choıbeq cy}} This attempt translates literally as "thorn that is very large for a thorn". This can't really fail to have the right meaning, but it's way too long.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao cy}} This attempt omits the explicit standard from the adjective "very large".<br />
* {{T|jaq sao pı choıbeq}} This attempt uses an experimental particle {{T|pı}} whose behavior is to stratify the serialization mechanism into two layers: first the things between the {{T|pı}}'s are serialized, and then the results of those serializations are serialized. {{T|a b c pı d e f g pı h}} groups as {{T|(a b c) (d e f g) (h)}}. The correct semantics are achieved here (via experimental grammar).<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da.}} Uses an unofficial quantifier {{T|tuyq}} which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=188Open problems in translation2021-10-14T16:21:04Z<p>Hoaqgio: editing intro text to be better phrased</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences (or phrases) for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no accurate translation is known at all, sentences for which accurate translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="a very large thorn"===<br />
<br />
This translation exercise is a phrase rather than a sentence. The phrase is "very large thorn", and although it seems like a perfect use of Toaq's serial predicates, it is not possible to achieve the desired meaning through official serial behavior alone. Here are some attempts, beginning with two attempts that use official serial behavior (and fail to achieve the correct meaning):<br />
<br />
* {{T|jaq sao choıbeq}} This is the obvious attempt, but it fails because serials are right-grouping. The serial groups as {{T|jaq (sao choıbeq)}}, and so refers to something that is "very much a large thorn". This is different than the intended meaning in that we are not modifying the largeness but rather modifying the "large thorn"-ness. Something which is undeniably large but only sort of a thorn would be a very large thorn, but would not be "very much a large thorn". And arguably, a *gigantic* thorn would not be "very much a large thorn" either, since it's too large to be such a great match for the description "large thorn".<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jaq sao}} This solution groups as {{T|choıbeq (jaq sao)}}, which has {{T|jaq sao}} grouped together as it should be. However, the modifier ends up on the right side of the serialization with {{T|choıbeq}}, where it cannot take on attributive adjective semantics as per official Toaq serial rules.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao pè baq choıbeq cy}} This attempt translates literally as "thorn that is very large for a thorn". This can't really fail to have the right meaning, but it's way too long.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao cy}} This attempt omits the explicit standard from the adjective "very large".<br />
* {{T|jaq sao pı choıbeq}} This attempt uses an experimental particle {{T|pı}} whose behavior is to stratify the serialization mechanism into two layers: first the things between the {{T|pı}}'s are serialized, and then the results of those serializations are serialized. {{T|a b c pı d e f g pı h}} groups as {{T|(a b c) (d e f g) (h)}}. The correct semantics are achieved here (via experimental grammar).<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da.}} Uses an unofficial quantifier {{T|tuyq}} which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=187Open problems in translation2021-10-14T10:15:45Z<p>Hoaqgio: moved "very large thorn" example to correct section</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="a very large thorn"===<br />
<br />
This translation exercise is a phrase rather than a sentence. The phrase is "very large thorn", and although it seems like a perfect use of Toaq's serial predicates, it is not possible to achieve the desired meaning through official serial behavior alone. Here are some attempts, beginning with two attempts that use official serial behavior (and fail to achieve the correct meaning):<br />
<br />
* {{T|jaq sao choıbeq}} This is the obvious attempt, but it fails because serials are right-grouping. The serial groups as {{T|jaq (sao choıbeq)}}, and so refers to something that is "very much a large thorn". This is different than the intended meaning in that we are not modifying the largeness but rather modifying the "large thorn"-ness. Something which is undeniably large but only sort of a thorn would be a very large thorn, but would not be "very much a large thorn". And arguably, a *gigantic* thorn would not be "very much a large thorn" either, since it's too large to be such a great match for the description "large thorn".<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jaq sao}} This solution groups as {{T|choıbeq (jaq sao)}}, which has {{T|jaq sao}} grouped together as it should be. However, the modifier ends up on the right side of the serialization with {{T|choıbeq}}, where it cannot take on attributive adjective semantics as per official Toaq serial rules.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao pè baq choıbeq cy}} This attempt translates literally as "thorn that is very large for a thorn". This can't really fail to have the right meaning, but it's way too long.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao cy}} This attempt omits the explicit standard from the adjective "very large".<br />
* {{T|jaq sao pı choıbeq}} This attempt uses an experimental particle {{T|pı}} whose behavior is to stratify the serialization mechanism into two layers: first the things between the {{T|pı}}'s are serialized, and then the results of those serializations are serialized. {{T|a b c pı d e f g pı h}} groups as {{T|(a b c) (d e f g) (h)}}. The correct semantics are achieved here (via experimental grammar).<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da.}} Uses an unofficial quantifier {{T|tuyq}} which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=186Open problems in translation2021-10-14T10:12:07Z<p>Hoaqgio: added "very large thorn" problem</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="a very large thorn"===<br />
<br />
This translation exercise is a phrase rather than a sentence. The phrase is "very large thorn", and although it seems like a perfect use of Toaq's serial predicates, it is not possible to achieve the desired meaning through official serial behavior alone. Here are some attempts, beginning with two attempts that use official serial behavior (and fail to achieve the correct meaning):<br />
<br />
* {{T|jaq sao choıbeq}} This is the obvious attempt, but it fails because serials are right-grouping. The serial groups as {{T|jaq (sao choıbeq)}}, and so refers to something that is "very much a large thorn". This is different than the intended meaning in that we are not modifying the largeness but rather modifying the "large thorn"-ness. Something which is undeniably large but only sort of a thorn would be a very large thorn, but would not be "very much a large thorn". And arguably, a *gigantic* thorn would not be "very much a large thorn" either, since it's too large to be such a great match for the description "large thorn".<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jaq sao}} This solution groups as {{T|choıbeq (jaq sao)}}, which has {{T|jaq sao}} grouped together as it should be. However, the modifier ends up on the right side of the serialization with {{T|choıbeq}}, where it cannot take on attributive adjective semantics as per official Toaq serial rules.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao pè baq choıbeq cy}} This attempt translates literally as "thorn that is very large for a thorn". This can't really fail to have the right meaning, but it's way too long.<br />
* {{T|choıbeq jäq sao cy}} This attempt omits the explicit standard from the adjective "very large".<br />
* {{T|jaq sao pı choıbeq}} This attempt uses an experimental particle {{T|pı}} whose behavior is to stratify the serialization mechanism into two layers: first the things between the {{T|pı}}'s are serialized, and then the results of those serializations are serialized. {{T|a b c pı d e f g pı h}} groups as {{T|(a b c) (d e f g) (h)}}. The correct semantics are achieved here (via experimental grammar).<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da.}} Uses an unofficial quantifier {{T|tuyq}} which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=185Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-10T19:26:16Z<p>Hoaqgio: Changed wording from "edge cases" to "open questions"</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of questions that have been asked about official Toaq for which the reference grammar does not provide a clear answer, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved questions===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does {{T|róu}} access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
* Can {{T|áq}} and {{T|chéq}} be used before the x1 slot, e.g. are sentences like {{T|Kuq còu áq nháo}} valid?<br />
<br />
===Resolved questions===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* What is the scope of {{T|sa}} in the sentence {{T|Kaqgaı tu po sa saq sıa kıq da.}}?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' The {{T|sa}} is part of an implicit subordinate clause and does not interact with the scopers on the top level. {{T|po sa saq}} is an opaque predicate meaning "___ relates to some group of three individuals". https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/550783714867675148</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Edge_cases&diff=184Edge cases2021-10-10T19:25:06Z<p>Hoaqgio: Hoaqgio moved page Edge cases to Open questions about official Toaq: Some open questions are quite central and not edge cases at all</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Open questions about official Toaq]]</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=183Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-10T19:25:06Z<p>Hoaqgio: Hoaqgio moved page Edge cases to Open questions about official Toaq: Some open questions are quite central and not edge cases at all</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does {{T|róu}} access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
* Can {{T|áq}} and {{T|chéq}} be used before the x1 slot, e.g. are sentences like {{T|Kuq còu áq nháo}} valid?<br />
<br />
===Resolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* What is the scope of {{T|sa}} in the sentence {{T|Kaqgaı tu po sa saq sıa kıq da.}}?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' The {{T|sa}} is part of an implicit subordinate clause and does not interact with the scopers on the top level. {{T|po sa saq}} is an opaque predicate meaning "___ relates to some group of three individuals". https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/550783714867675148</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=181Open problems in translation2021-10-07T19:25:01Z<p>Hoaqgio: added "tuyq" solution to "I know the names of many things"</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da.}} Uses an unofficial quantifier {{T|tuyq}} which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=178Open problems in translation2021-10-07T05:10:47Z<p>Hoaqgio: </p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Tukue:Hup%C4%B1&diff=177Tukue:Hupı2021-10-04T00:44:36Z<p>Hoaqgio: Created page, added some introductory text</p>
<hr />
<div>Teaqnıaı baq '''hupı''' da. Nuı ru jaqbu sao pè baq nıaı hó na, ru toubuchuq hó (kıo bu tôunıuchuq ra tounueqchuq hó kı) da. Bua hó Béromerıka ru Eúropa ru Hásıa ru sa päq ke bëro paq Fárıka da.<br />
<br />
Chou kôı hó cy baq jo shıaq da.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=174Open problems in translation2021-10-03T07:41:25Z<p>Hoaqgio: fleshed out last solution of "I know the names of many things" example</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} This solution assumes a nondistributive {{T|chua}} whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=173Open problems in translation2021-10-03T07:31:26Z<p>Hoaqgio: wording</p>
<hr />
<div>This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=172Open problems in translation2021-10-03T07:26:16Z<p>Hoaqgio: Fleshing some stuff out especially in the "I know the names of many things" section</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not popularly accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit).<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.<br />
<br />
Precise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is a direct translation of the above semantics. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}} in order to move the phrase {{T|tu shı mea púı}} inside the subordinate clause.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier {{T|puy}} meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct. <br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da.}} This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} This example uses a utility predicate {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.<br />
<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} This example uses the predicate {{T|chuadua}} to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").<br />
<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
Imprecise translations:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=171Open problems in translation2021-10-03T07:07:32Z<p>Hoaqgio: </p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not popularly accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
Attempts:<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" but seems like an unnecessarily complex phrasing.<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==<br />
<br />
No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=170Open problems in translation2021-10-03T07:06:15Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not popularly accepted solutions.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated==<br />
<br />
==="It's as though..."===<br />
<br />
"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
<br />
The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
==="If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"===<br />
<br />
* {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
* {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
==="foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"===<br />
<br />
* {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
* {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
==Sentences that have not been translated well==<br />
<br />
==="I know the names of many things."===<br />
<br />
* {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
* {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
* {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
* {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
* {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
* {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" but seems like an unnecessarily complex phrasing.<br />
* {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
==Solved sentences==</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=169Open problems in translation2021-10-03T06:59:45Z<p>Hoaqgio: added "as though" problem</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found. For each unsolved sentence, a sampling of not-quite-working attempts is shown.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."<br />
** '''Discussion:''' The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" but seems like an unnecessarily complex phrasing.<br />
** {{T|Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da.}} should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=168Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T23:47:48Z<p>Hoaqgio: added edge case about aq and cheq</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does {{T|róu}} access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
* Can {{T|áq}} and {{T|chéq}} be used before the x1 slot, e.g. are sentences like {{T|Kuq còu áq nháo}} valid?<br />
<br />
===Resolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* What is the scope of {{T|sa}} in the sentence {{T|Kaqgaı tu po sa saq sıa kıq da.}}?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' The {{T|sa}} is part of an implicit subordinate clause and does not interact with the scopers on the top level. {{T|po sa saq}} is an opaque predicate meaning "___ relates to some group of three individuals". https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/550783714867675148</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=166Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T17:56:42Z<p>Hoaqgio: added opacity of po</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does {{T|róu}} access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
<br />
===Resolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* What is the scope of {{T|sa}} in the sentence {{T|Kaqgaı tu po sa saq sıa kıq da.}}?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' The {{T|sa}} is part of an implicit subordinate clause and does not interact with the scopers on the top level. {{T|po sa saq}} is an opaque predicate meaning "___ relates to some group of three individuals". https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/550783714867675148</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=165Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T17:45:11Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does {{T|róu}} access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
<br />
===Resolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=164Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T17:42:43Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
===Unresolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does **róu** access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
<br />
===Resolved edge cases===<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=163Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T17:42:17Z<p>Hoaqgio: split into sections for resolved and unresolved edge cases</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
==Unresolved edge cases==<br />
<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does **róu** access the inner content clause or the outer one?<br />
<br />
==Resolved edge cases==<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=162Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T17:39:42Z<p>Hoaqgio: added issue</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** '''Official answer:''' It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?<br />
* In the sentence {{T|She dûa jí mâı súq jí cy cy, jêo róu da.}}, does **róu** access the inner content clause or the outer one?</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=161Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:42:00Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting mostly</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found. For each unsolved sentence, a sampling of not-quite-working attempts is shown.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" but seems like an unnecessarily complex phrasing.<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=160Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:29:17Z<p>Hoaqgio: phrasing</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear on this list but for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=159Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:28:47Z<p>Hoaqgio: typo</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=158Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:28:18Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=157Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:28:00Z<p>Hoaqgio: </p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found. The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq (unofficial predicates are allowed).<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
* "Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures."<br />
** {{T|Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires a new conjunction {{T|rVV}} which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.<br />
** {{T|Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da.}} requires {{T|roı}} to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=156Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:16:17Z<p>Hoaqgio: moved unicorn example to a different section</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=155Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:15:15Z<p>Hoaqgio: added unicorn example</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
* "If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it."<br />
** {{T|She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da.}} has to be phrased much differently than the original, and is long.<br />
** {{T|Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da.}} demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=154Open problems in translation2021-10-02T03:00:15Z<p>Hoaqgio: slightly improved one translation</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=153Open problems in translation2021-10-02T02:59:02Z<p>Hoaqgio: Added a sentence</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
* "I know the names of many things."<br />
** There are several attempts at this<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da.}} works, but is quite long.<br />
*** {{T|Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da.}} works if you allow {{T|tu}} to scope over {{T|hı}}, but it's also long.<br />
*** {{T|Hıdua chua jí sa puı da.}} almost works if you make {{T|chua}} nondistributive, except that even the modified version of the predicate can't say which names go to which things.<br />
*** {{T|Puy shı bı, dua chua sa shí da.}} works if you allow {{T|puy}} to be {{T|puı}} in SA.<br />
*** {{T|Chuadua jí sa puı da.}} works but it isn't clear how this would generalize to other cases.<br />
*** {{T|Puı sa shïjeo dûa chua jí sa ja da.}} works with {{T|shıjeo}} meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y".<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=152Open questions about official Toaq2021-10-02T02:47:17Z<p>Hoaqgio: added an edge case about lu</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** ```Official answer:``` It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175<br />
* Do {{T|lu}} constructs work as high adverbs or low adverbs when placed in t6 and t7?</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_problems_in_translation&diff=151Open problems in translation2021-09-29T07:22:13Z<p>Hoaqgio: Created page, added initial structure</p>
<hr />
<div>The following is a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically length or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences for which acceptable translations have since been found.<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Sentences that have not been translated well===<br />
<br />
<br />
===Solved sentences===</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Open_questions_about_official_Toaq&diff=150Open questions about official Toaq2021-09-29T07:19:00Z<p>Hoaqgio: Created page, added one edge case</p>
<hr />
<div>Here is a list of edge cases that have come up, along with their resolutions if they are known. This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.<br />
<br />
* Does {{T|shu}} quote only a word, or word + tone?<br />
** ```Official answer:``` It quotes word + tone. https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/334810940392341514/892671069197062175</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Archive:Frame&diff=148Archive:Frame2021-09-28T21:05:16Z<p>Hoaqgio: corrected point about how the refgram derives serial behavior from semantic frames</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''frame''' is a class of verbs that all, in a certain specific sense, take the "same" types of arguments in the same order, giving rise to the same grammatical behavior. There are two types of frames, corresponding to two different senses in which a pair of predicates can have the "same" argument structure. The types are '''semantic''' frames and '''serial''' frames.<br />
<br />
== Semantic frames ==<br />
A '''semantic frame''' is a class of verbs that all have the same number of argument places, of the same '''types''', in the same order.<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
The '''type''' of an argument place says what kind of thing is allowed to go in there:<br />
* <code>c</code> ("concrete") means anything goes. Usually concrete arguments like "me" or "cats" or "a house", but also clauses/events whenever it makes sense in that verb.<br />
** For example, {{t|de}}'s first slot is type <code>c</code>. One can say {{t|dẻ súq}} (You're beautiful) or {{t|dẻ sûaq súq}} (The event of your singing is beautiful). <br />
* <code>0</code> means a place that must be filled with a ''proposition or event''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause, or a pronoun referring to one.<br />
** In the dictionary, look for the words "that ___ is the case" to recognize these slots.<br />
* <code>1</code> means the place must be filled with a ''property''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause with one {{t|ja}} in it.<br />
** In the dictionary, look for the words "satisfying property ___" to recognize these slots.<br />
* <code>2</code> means the place must be filled with a ''binary relation''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause with ''two'' instances of {{t|ja}} in it.<br />
** In the dictionary, look for the words "relation ___" to recognize these slots.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Thus, a semantic frame can be identified with its '''type signature''', which is just all the types of the argument places listed in a row — traditionally in parentheses.<br />
<br />
For example: {{t|leo}} ("tries to") and {{t|juoq}} ("should") both take one ''concrete'' argument followed by one ''property'' argument. This is expressed by the type signature <code>(c 1)</code>. These verbs have the same type signature, so they belong to the same semantic frame.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, each semantic frame in Toaq has an arbitrary '''representative''' chosen for it, used as a handy way to refer to the frame. For example, the semantic frame of all verbs with type signature <code>(c 1)</code> is called the '''LEO (semantic) frame'''. LEO consists of all the verbs whose argument places are just like {{t|leo}}'s.<br />
<br />
We say that “{{t|juoq}} is in the LEO frame” or “{{t|juoq}} is in LEO”. We also often just say that “{{t|juoq}} is <code>(c 1)</code>”.<br />
<br />
=== Table of semantic frames ===<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
== Serial frames ==<br />
A '''serial frame''' is a class of verbs that all exhibit the same serialization behavior.<br />
<br />
Again, each such frame is identified by a '''serial signature''' and a representative.<br />
<br />
But this time, rather than describing "what can this argument slot be filled with?", the elements of the signature describe: "what happens to this argument slot, when this verb is the first (left-hand) verb in a serial verb?"<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
These are the possible '''serial types''' an argument place can have:<br />
* <code>x</code> or <code>c</code> means that this argument place remains untouched and will still be there in the resulting serial verb.<br />
* <code>0</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> wants <b style="color:gray">0</b> to be the case</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> sits on <b style="color:green">x</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> wants <b style="color:#ba0">x</b> to sit on <b style="color:green">x</b></span><br />
* <code>1</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first one:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> tries to satisfy <b style="color:gray">1</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> sits on <b style="color:green">x</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> tries to sit on <b style="color:green">x</b></span><br />
* <code>2</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first two:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> all reciprocally satisfy <b style="color:gray">2</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> agrees with <b style="color:green">x</b> that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> all agree that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span><br />
* <code>e</code> means that this place will disappear, '''merging''' with "[[Kind|{{t|baq}}]] ''right-hand-verb''".<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> takes care of <b style="color:gray">e</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> takes care of cat(s).</span><br />
** Such a slot is known as an '''exhibitor slot''' (hence <code>e</code>), and the resulting serial is a '''genitival serial'''.<br />
* <code>a</code> means that this '''adjectival''' place will disappear, and the following verb's first place is modified, attributively when appropriate or otherwise predicatively, by this adjective:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">a</b> is small</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a small cat.</span><br />
</div><br />
<br />
The signature is again written by writing down all the types in parentheses, like <code>(x x 0)</code> or <code>(x e)</code>.<br />
<br />
There is '''at most''' one non-<code>x</code> in a serial signature. This is because all the other slot types define ''the'' serialization behavior for the verb, and a verb must have one unambiguous serialization behavior! So while <code>(c 0 0)</code> is a valid semantic frame, there cannot be a <code>(x 0 0)</code> serial behavior, as it wouldn't be clear which of the <code>0</code> slots accepts the right-hand verb arguments.<br />
<br />
Some verbs cannot participate in serials, and are not part of any serial frame.<br />
<br />
=== Table of serial frames ===<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
== How do they relate? ==<br />
''(This is the author's unofficial theory.)''<br />
<br />
There is a predictable partial function from semantic frame signatures to serial frame signatures.<br />
<br />
If the semantic frame has more than one "digit" (<code>0</code>, <code>1</code> or <code>2</code>) in it, then the verb cannot serialize. Example: {{t|she}}.<br />
<br />
If it has exactly one "digit": the serialization behavior is "subordinating", and the serial frame is obtained by replacing all <code>c</code> with <code>x</code>. Example: {{t|tua}}, {{t|leo}}, {{t|taq}}, {{t|mıujeq}}, {{t|huaq}}, {{t|toı}}.<br />
<br />
If there are no "digits":<br />
* Semantic frame <code>(c)</code> corresponds to serial frame <code>(a)</code>. Example: {{t|nuı}}, {{t|kue}}(?!).<br />
* Semantic frame <code>(c c)</code> corresponds to serial frame <code>(x e)</code>. Example: {{t|hea}}, {{t|kıaı}}, {{t|tuı}}.<br />
* Otherwise (i.e. <code>(c c c)</code> and beyond, like {{t|kuq}}), the verb cannot serialize.<br />
<br />
TODO: what happens to {{t|jıe}}?<br />
<br />
== Why complicate things? ==<br />
If semantic frames can be predictably mapped to serial frames (serial behaviors), we could just describe the rules for serialization in terms of semantic frames. In fact, this is pretty much what the [[refgram]] does.<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
* If the last slot of the '''type signature''' is a 0 or a 1 (or presumably any higher number), subordinate and merge there.<br />
* If the '''type signature''' is <code>(c c)</code>, perform genitival serialization in the second argument place.<br />
* If the '''type signature''' is <code>(c)</code>, perform adjectival serialization.<br />
* Otherwise, the verb cannot serialize.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
So it might seem unnecessary to talk about serial frames as a separate "thing".<br />
<br />
However, for a long time it has been unclear if there is such a predictable mapping (and it still is a little), and for a long time it was thought that verbs like {{t|she}} can participate in serials, and it was hotly debated whether its <code>(0 0)</code> type signature should have <code>(x 0)</code> or <code>(0 x)</code> serial behavior.<br />
<br />
At the very least, a separate notation for serial behaviors still lets us theorize about these things.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Archive:Frame&diff=146Archive:Frame2021-09-28T19:18:58Z<p>Hoaqgio: added more explanatory text to the introduction</p>
<hr />
<div>A '''frame''' is a class of verbs that all, in a certain specific sense, take the "same" types of arguments in the same order, giving rise to the same grammatical behavior. There are two types of frames, corresponding to two different senses in which a pair of predicates can have the "same" argument structure. The types are '''semantic''' frames and '''serial''' frames.<br />
<br />
== Semantic frames ==<br />
A '''semantic frame''' is a class of verbs that all have the same number of argument places, of the same '''types''', in the same order.<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
The '''type''' of an argument place says what kind of thing is allowed to go in there:<br />
* <code>c</code> ("concrete") means anything goes. Usually concrete arguments like "me" or "cats" or "a house", but also clauses/events whenever it makes sense in that verb.<br />
** For example, {{t|de}}'s first slot is type <code>c</code>. One can say {{t|dẻ súq}} (You're beautiful) or {{t|dẻ sûaq súq}} (The event of your singing is beautiful). <br />
* <code>0</code> means a place that must be filled with a ''proposition or event''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause, or a pronoun referring to one.<br />
** In the dictionary, look for the words "that ___ is the case" to recognize these slots.<br />
* <code>1</code> means the place must be filled with a ''property''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause with one {{t|ja}} in it.<br />
** In the dictionary, loook for the words "satisfying property ___" to recognize these slots.<br />
* <code>2</code> means the place must be filled with a ''binary relation''.<br />
** Often such slots are filled with a {{Tone|5}} content clause with ''two'' instances of {{t|ja}} in it.<br />
** In the dictionary, loook for the words "relation ___" to recognize these slots.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
Thus, a semantic frame can be identified with its '''type signature''', which is just all the types of the argument places listed in a row — traditionally in parentheses.<br />
<br />
For example: {{t|leo}} ("tries to") and {{t|juoq}} ("should") both take one ''concrete'' argument followed by one ''property'' argument. This is expressed by the type signature <code>(c 1)</code>. These verbs have the same type signature, so they belong to the same semantic frame.<br />
<br />
Furthermore, each semantic frame in Toaq has an arbitrary '''representative''' chosen for it, used as a handy way to refer to the frame. For example, the semantic frame of all verbs with type signature <code>(c 1)</code> is called the '''LEO (semantic) frame'''. LEO consists of all the verbs whose argument places are just like {{t|leo}}'s.<br />
<br />
We say that “{{t|juoq}} is in the LEO frame” or “{{t|juoq}} is in LEO”. We also often just say that “{{t|juoq}} is <code>(c 1)</code>”.<br />
<br />
=== Table of semantic frames ===<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
== Serial frames ==<br />
A '''serial frame''' is a class of verbs that all exhibit the same serialization behavior.<br />
<br />
Again, each such frame is identified by a '''serial signature''' and a representative.<br />
<br />
But this time, rather than describing "what can this argument slot be filled with?", the elements of the signature describe: "what happens to this argument slot, when this verb is the first (left-hand) verb in a serial verb?"<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
These are the possible '''serial types''' an argument place can have:<br />
* <code>x</code> or <code>c</code> means that this argument place remains untouched and will still be there in the resulting serial verb.<br />
* <code>0</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> wants <b style="color:gray">0</b> to be the case</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> sits on <b style="color:green">x</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> wants <b style="color:#ba0">x</b> to sit on <b style="color:green">x</b></span><br />
* <code>1</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first one:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> tries to satisfy <b style="color:gray">1</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> sits on <b style="color:green">x</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> tries to sit on <b style="color:green">x</b></span><br />
* <code>2</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first two:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> all reciprocally satisfy <b style="color:gray">2</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> agrees with <b style="color:green">x</b> that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> all agree that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span><br />
* <code>e</code> means that this place will disappear, '''merging''' with "[[Kind|{{t|baq}}]] ''right-hand-verb''".<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> takes care of <b style="color:gray">e</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">x</b> takes care of cat(s).</span><br />
** Such a slot is known as an '''exhibitor slot''' (hence <code>e</code>), and the resulting serial is a '''genitival serial'''.<br />
* <code>a</code> means that this '''adjectival''' place will disappear, and the following verb's first place is modified, attributively when appropriate or otherwise predicatively, by this adjective:<br />
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">a</b> is small</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">x</b> is a small cat.</span><br />
</div><br />
<br />
The signature is again written by writing down all the types in parentheses, like <code>(x x 0)</code> or <code>(x e)</code>.<br />
<br />
There is '''at most''' one non-<code>x</code> in a serial signature. This is because all the other slot types define ''the'' serialization behavior for the verb, and a verb must have one unambiguous serialization behavior! So while <code>(c 0 0)</code> is a valid semantic frame, there cannot be a <code>(x 0 0)</code> serial behavior, as it wouldn't be clear which of the <code>0</code> slots accepts the right-hand verb arguments.<br />
<br />
Some verbs cannot participate in serials, and are not part of any serial frame.<br />
<br />
=== Table of serial frames ===<br />
TODO<br />
<br />
== How do they relate? ==<br />
''(This is the author's unofficial theory.)''<br />
<br />
There is a predictable partial function from semantic frame signatures to serial frame signatures.<br />
<br />
If the semantic frame has more than one "digit" (<code>0</code>, <code>1</code> or <code>2</code>) in it, then the verb cannot serialize. Example: {{t|she}}.<br />
<br />
If it has exactly one "digit": the serialization behavior is "subordinating", and the serial frame is obtained by replacing all <code>c</code> with <code>x</code>. Example: {{t|tua}}, {{t|leo}}, {{t|taq}}, {{t|mıujeq}}, {{t|huaq}}, {{t|toı}}.<br />
<br />
If there are no "digits":<br />
* Semantic frame <code>(c)</code> corresponds to serial frame <code>(a)</code>. Example: {{t|nuı}}, {{t|kue}}(?!).<br />
* Semantic frame <code>(c c)</code> corresponds to serial frame <code>(x e)</code>. Example: {{t|hea}}, {{t|kıaı}}, {{t|tuı}}.<br />
* Otherwise (i.e. <code>(c c c)</code> and beyond, like {{t|kuq}}), the verb cannot serialize.<br />
<br />
TODO: what happens to {{t|jıe}}?<br />
<br />
== Why complicate things? ==<br />
If semantic frames can be predictably mapped to serial frames (serial behaviors), we could just describe the rules for serialization in terms of semantic frames. In fact, this is pretty much what the [[refgram]] does.<br />
<br />
<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"><br />
* If there is exactly one non-concrete argument place in the '''type signature''', subordinate and merge there.<br />
* If the '''type signature''' is <code>(c c)</code>, perform genitival serialization in the second argument place.<br />
* If the '''type signature''' is <code>(c)</code>, perform adjectival serialization.<br />
* Otherwise, the verb cannot serialize.<br />
</div><br />
<br />
So it might seem unnecessary to talk about serial frames as a separate "thing".<br />
<br />
However, for a long time it has been unclear if there is such a predictable mapping (and it still is a little), and for a long time it was thought that verbs like {{t|she}} can participate in serials, and it was hotly debated whether its <code>(0 0)</code> type signature should have <code>(x 0)</code> or <code>(0 x)</code> serial behavior.<br />
<br />
At the very least, a separate notation for serial behaviors still lets us theorize about these things.</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=139Transcription2021-09-28T09:33:09Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology. It is rarely important to transcribe a word in any particular way, so the techniques can be regarded as suggestions to be used or ignored depending on context and taste.<br />
<br />
* Render approximate onsets /w/ as {{T|ba}}.<br />
* Render approximate onsets /j/ as {{T|j}}.<br />
* Render unacceptable consonant clusters as {{T|Cy}} syllables: "past" -> {{T|pasyty}}.<br />
** Render "n + consonant" pairings as a syllable-final {{T|q}} on the previous word: "pans" -> {{T|paqsy}}.<br />
** Render "t + s" pairings as {{T|c}} and "d + z" pairings as {{T|z}}: "rights" -> {{T|raıcy}} and "rides" -> {{T|raızy}}. (This may seem like an obvious rule, but it can be easy to forget that these particular "consonant clusters" are allowed in Toaq's morphology.)</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=138Transcription2021-09-28T09:30:35Z<p>Hoaqgio: more flavor text added to the first paragraph, fleshed out the techniques a bit</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology. It is rarely important to transcribe a word in any particular way, so the techniques can be regarded as suggestions to be used or ignored depending on context and taste.<br />
<br />
* Render approximate onsets /w/ as {{T|ba}}.<br />
* Render approximate onsets /j/ as {{T|j}}.<br />
* Render unacceptable consonant clusters as {{T|Cy}} syllables: "past" -> {{T|pasyty}}.<br />
** Render "n + consonant" pairings as a syllable-final {{T|q}} on the previous word: "pans" -> {{T|paqsy}}.<br />
** Render "t + s" pairings as {{T|c}} and "d + z" pairings as {{T|z}}: "rights" -> {{T|raıcy}} and "rides" -> {{T||raızy}}. (This may seem like an obvious rule, but it can be easy to forget that these particular "consonant clusters" are allowed in Toaq's morphology.)</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=137Transcription2021-09-28T09:28:14Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology.<br />
<br />
* Render approximate onsets /w/ as {{T|ba}}.<br />
* Render approximate onsets /j/ as {{T|j}}.<br />
* Render "n + consonant" pairings as a syllable-final {{T|q}} on the previous word: "pans" -> {{T|paqsy}}.<br />
* Render "t + s" pairings as {{T|c}} and "d + z" pairings as {{T|z}}: "rights" -> {{T|raıcy}} and "rides" -> {{T||raızy}}. (This may seem like an obvious rule, but it can be easy to forget that these particular "consonant clusters" are allowed in Toaq's morphology.)</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=136Transcription2021-09-28T09:27:38Z<p>Hoaqgio: added more techniques</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology.<br />
<br />
- Render approximate onsets /w/ as {{T|ba}}.<br />
- Render approximate onsets /j/ as {{T|j}}.<br />
- Render "n + consonant" pairings as a syllable-final {{T|q}} on the previous word: "pans" -> {{T|paqsy}}.<br />
- Render "t + s" pairings as {{T|c}} and "d + z" pairings as {{T|z}}: "rights" -> {{T|raıcy}} and "rides" -> {{T||raızy}}. (This may seem like an obvious rule, but it can be easy to forget that these particular "consonant clusters" are allowed in Toaq's morphology.)</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=135Transcription2021-09-28T09:23:30Z<p>Hoaqgio: formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology.<br />
<br />
- Change approximate onsets /w/ to {{T|ba}}</div>Hoaqgiohttps://toaq.me/index.php?title=Transcription&diff=134Transcription2021-09-28T09:22:37Z<p>Hoaqgio: Created page with "Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology. - Change approximate onsets /w/ into **ba**"</p>
<hr />
<div>Below is a list of techniques one can use to transcribe foreign words into Toaq's phonology.<br />
<br />
- Change approximate onsets /w/ into **ba**</div>Hoaqgio