Animacy - Revision history

Laqme: /* Table of classes */ simplify table

2023-11-20T15:36:51Z

Table of classes: simplify table

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:36, 20 November 2023
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	! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning		! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning
	\|-		\|-
	~~! colspan=5~~ \| ~~Verb classes~~		\| I \|\| Animate \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|sá poq}} \|\| a person
	\|-		\|-
	\| I \|\| ~~Animate verbs~~ \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|sá ~~poq~~}} \|\| a ~~person~~		\| II \|\| Inanimate \|\| {{t\|máq}} \|\| {{t\|sá jıo}} \|\| a building
	\|-		\|-
	\| II \|\| ~~Inanimate verbs~~ \|\| {{t\|~~máq~~}} \|\| {{t\|sá ~~jıo~~}} \|\| ~~a building~~		\| III \|\| Abstract \|\| {{t\|hóq}} \|\| {{t\|sá sıo}} \|\| an idea
	\|-		\|-
	~~\| III \|\| Abstract verbs \|\| {{t\|hóq}} \|\| {{t\|sá sıo}} \|\| an idea~~		\| IV \|\| Descriptive \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|sá de}} \|\| something pretty
	\|-
	\| IV \|\| Descriptive ~~verbs~~ \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|sá de}} \|\| something pretty
	\|}		\|}

Uakci: add short note about nha-

2023-02-17T18:55:50Z

add short note about nha-

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:55, 17 February 2023
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	:; {{t\|Sá raı nä dua jí, ꝡä bu bo jí ráı da.}}		:; {{t\|Sá raı nä dua jí, ꝡä bu bo jí ráı da.}}
	:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.''		:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.''
			Variables (words starting with the prefix {{t\|nha-}}) also behave this way.

	In a serial verb, the first verb determines the animacy.		In a serial verb, the first verb determines the animacy.

Laqme: Delta

2023-02-17T17:19:41Z

Delta

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 17 February 2023
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	Toaq has a system of grammatical '''animacy'''.		Toaq has a system of grammatical '''animacy'''.

	Any noun phrase belongs to one of ~~nine~~ '''classes''', each with its own word for “he/she/they/it” that refers back to the most recent noun phrase belonging to that class. (This system of anaphoric pronouns is the ''only'' place in Toaq where this animacy distinction comes up, so the classes are known varyingly as '''animacy classes''', '''anaphora classes''', or '''pronominal classes'''.)		Any noun phrase belongs to one of four '''classes''', each with its own word for “he/she/they/it” that refers back to the most recent noun phrase belonging to that class. (This system of anaphoric pronouns is the ''only'' place in Toaq where this animacy distinction comes up, so the classes are known varyingly as '''animacy classes''', '''anaphora classes''', or '''pronominal classes'''.)

	== Grammatical, rather than natural animacy ==		== Grammatical, rather than natural animacy ==
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	If you know some Spanish, it's like "grammatical gender" in that language. ''La persona'' is feminine, even if the person you're talking about isn't necessarily female.		If you know some Spanish, it's like "grammatical gender" in that language. ''La persona'' is feminine, even if the person you're talking about isn't necessarily female.

	Toaq's pronouns work the same way: if you describe a person as {{t\|~~sa sảo~~}} (~~“someone big”~~), the appropriate pronoun to refer to them later in the sentence is {{t\|tá}} (“it<sub>~~adj.~~</sub>”), because {{t\|~~sảo~~}} ~~is an adjective~~. It's not correct to use {{t\|hó}}, because that's the pronoun for animate ''verbs'', not animate referents.		Toaq's pronouns work the same way: if you describe a person as {{t\|sá sao}} ("someone big"), the appropriate pronoun to refer to them later in the sentence is {{t\|tá}} (“it<sub>descriptive</sub>”), because {{t\|sao}} has the "descriptive" animacy. It's not correct to use {{t\|hó}}, because that's the pronoun for animate ''verbs'', not animate referents.

	== Table of classes ==		== Table of classes ==
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	! colspan=5 \| Verb classes		! colspan=5 \| Verb classes
	\|-		\|-
	\| I \|\| Animate verbs \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|~~sa pỏq~~}} \|\| a person		\| I \|\| Animate verbs \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|sá poq}} \|\| a person
	\|-		\|-
	\| II \|\| Inanimate verbs \|\| {{t\|máq}} \|\| {{t\|~~sa jỉo~~}} \|\| a building		\| II \|\| Inanimate verbs \|\| {{t\|máq}} \|\| {{t\|sá jıo}} \|\| a building
	\|-		\|-
	\| III \|\| Abstract verbs \|\| {{t\|hóq}} \|\| {{t\|~~sa sỉo~~}} \|\| an idea		\| III \|\| Abstract verbs \|\| {{t\|hóq}} \|\| {{t\|sá sıo}} \|\| an idea
	\|-		\|-
	\| IV \|\| ~~Adjective~~ verbs \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|~~sa dẻ~~}} \|\| something pretty		\| IV \|\| Descriptive verbs \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|sá de}} \|\| something pretty
	\|-
	~~! colspan=5 \| Syntactic classes~~
	\|-
	~~\| V \|\| {{tone\|5}} clauses \|\| {{t\|róu}} \|\| {{t\|dûa jí sıa rảı}} \|\| that I know nothing~~
	\|-
	~~\| VI \|\| {{t\|lu}} phrases \|\| {{t\|kúy}} \|\| {{t\|lú tảo jí hóa}} \|\| what I do~~
	\|-
	~~\| VII \|\| {{class\|po\|object-incorporating verb}} phrases \|\| {{t\|zé}} \|\| {{t\|pó sa gỉ}} \|\| a good one's~~
	\|-
	~~! colspan=5 \| Odd-one-out classes~~
	\|-
	~~\| VIII \|\| Personal pronouns \|\| {{t\|fúy}} \|\| {{t\|nháo}} \|\| they~~
	\|-
	~~\| IX \|\| Demonstratives \|\| {{t\|bóu}} \|\| {{t\|ní}} \|\| this~~
	\|-
	~~\| 0 \|\| Just {{t\|raı}} \|\| {{t\|ráı}} \|\| {{t\|sa rảı}} \|\| something~~
	\|}		\|}

	~~Note the following distinction:~~
	* Classes I through IV apply depending on the "main" '''verb animacy class''' of a determiner phrase (animate, inanimate, abstract, or unspecified).
	* Classes V through VII apply when the expression has a certain grammatical form.
	* Classes VIII, IX, and 0 apply to specific closed sets of verbs.

	=== Verb animacy classes ===		=== Verb animacy classes ===
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	\|}		\|}
	</div>		</div>
	<div style="font-size: smaller; padding: 1em">~~[[User:Lynn\|Lynn]]’s animacy poster, <br>outlining the~~ main verb animacy classes. <br>[[Media:AnimacyPoster.png\|See image version.]]		<div style="font-size: smaller; padding: 1em">The main verb animacy classes. <br>[[Media:AnimacyPoster.png\|See image version.]]

	</div>		</div>
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	*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}}		*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}}

	~~'''Class 0''' consists of just~~ the verb {{t\|raı}}. This is so that we can use {{t\|raı}} as a dummy verb whose only role is to bind {{t\|ráı}} for later use, e.g.,		There is one exception: the verb {{t\|raı}}. This is so that we can use {{t\|raı}} as a dummy verb whose only role is to bind {{t\|ráı}} for later use, e.g.,
	:; {{t\|~~Sa rảı bı~~, ~~dủa jí bû bỏ~~ jí ráı da.}}		:; {{t\|Sá raı nä dua jí, ꝡä bu bo jí ráı da.}}
	:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.''		:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.''

	~~=== Which is the "main" class? ===~~		In a serial verb, the first verb determines the animacy.
	~~How do we determine the animacy class of~~ a ~~DP like {{t\|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[~~serial~~]] of a class-IV and a class-I word?~~

	~~An unofficially proposed rule seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class~~, ~~if possible; otherwise use class IV".<ref name=loekia />~~

	~~=== References ===~~

	~~<references>~~
	~~<ref name=loekia>~~
	~~[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490 Loekıa’s formulation] {{Transcript\|[[User:Loekıa]]: <blockquote>~~
	~~I've been thinking about how to determine~~ the animacy class of serials. To me, both of Hỏemaı's original suggestions for how to do this lead to unexpected results, such as pủ zảı being class III if you just use the head's animacy, and chủa lỉq being class I if you take the most animate serial component. So, I've come up with the following system that I think works rather intuitively, using the concept of 'animacy strength', similar to the concept of 'class strength' first ~~described here: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1/#comment-244 {{Transcript\|The basis rule is that the the highest predicate~~ determines the type of the whole phrase and therefore its adverbial behavior. With some predicates (call them weak predicates), it is more useful to say that the highest strong predicate determines the type. All non-Main Class predicates are strong. Some Main Class predicates are weak, such as, e.g. “jaq”. For example, if “lẽ” (“le” being a Modal) attaches high, then so would “jãq le”. It would be less useful if it had to attach low.}}
	* If the serial head is strong, use its animacy class.
	* Otherwise, use the animacy class of the tail.
	Then, by assigning words the appropriate animacy strengths, you can put e.g. {{t\|tảq ''tủa'' sỉq}} in class I, {{t\|dẻ ''rủa''}} in class II, {{t\|''chủa'' lỉq}} in class III, etc. Generally, all verbs not in the main class would be weak, and all verbs of animacy ~~class IV would be weak, while most other verbs would be strong~~.
	~~</blockquote>}}~~
	~~</ref>~~
	~~</references>~~

Loekıa: update namez

2022-12-19T02:24:41Z

update namez

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:24, 19 December 2022
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	How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t\|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word?		How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t\|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word?

	An unofficially proposed rule seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class, if possible; otherwise use class IV".<ref name=~~seoqrea~~ />		An unofficially proposed rule seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class, if possible; otherwise use class IV".<ref name=loekia />

	=== References ===		=== References ===

Loekıa: update namez

2022-12-19T02:23:54Z

update namez

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:23, 19 December 2022
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	<references>		<references>
	<ref name=~~seoqrea~~>		<ref name=loekia>
	[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490 ~~Seoqrea’s~~ formulation] {{Transcript\|[[User:~~Seoqrea~~]]: <blockquote>		[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490 Loekıa’s formulation] {{Transcript\|[[User:Loekıa]]: <blockquote>
	I've been thinking about how to determine the animacy class of serials. To me, both of Hỏemaı's original suggestions for how to do this lead to unexpected results, such as pủ zảı being class III if you just use the head's animacy, and chủa lỉq being class I if you take the most animate serial component. So, I've come up with the following system that I think works rather intuitively, using the concept of 'animacy strength', similar to the concept of 'class strength' first described here: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1/#comment-244 {{Transcript\|The basis rule is that the the highest predicate determines the type of the whole phrase and therefore its adverbial behavior. With some predicates (call them weak predicates), it is more useful to say that the highest strong predicate determines the type. All non-Main Class predicates are strong. Some Main Class predicates are weak, such as, e.g. “jaq”. For example, if “lẽ” (“le” being a Modal) attaches high, then so would “jãq le”. It would be less useful if it had to attach low.}}		I've been thinking about how to determine the animacy class of serials. To me, both of Hỏemaı's original suggestions for how to do this lead to unexpected results, such as pủ zảı being class III if you just use the head's animacy, and chủa lỉq being class I if you take the most animate serial component. So, I've come up with the following system that I think works rather intuitively, using the concept of 'animacy strength', similar to the concept of 'class strength' first described here: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1/#comment-244 {{Transcript\|The basis rule is that the the highest predicate determines the type of the whole phrase and therefore its adverbial behavior. With some predicates (call them weak predicates), it is more useful to say that the highest strong predicate determines the type. All non-Main Class predicates are strong. Some Main Class predicates are weak, such as, e.g. “jaq”. For example, if “lẽ” (“le” being a Modal) attaches high, then so would “jãq le”. It would be less useful if it had to attach low.}}
	* If the serial head is strong, use its animacy class.		* If the serial head is strong, use its animacy class.

Uakci: widen zé class to include all PO

2022-06-28T12:56:23Z

widen zé class to include all PO

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:56, 28 June 2022
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	\| VI \|\| {{t\|lu}} phrases \|\| {{t\|kúy}} \|\| {{t\|lú tảo jí hóa}} \|\| what I do		\| VI \|\| {{t\|lu}} phrases \|\| {{t\|kúy}} \|\| {{t\|lú tảo jí hóa}} \|\| what I do
	\|-		\|-
	\| VII \|\| {{t\|po}} phrases \|\| {{t\|zé}} \|\| {{t\|pó sa gỉ}} \|\| a good one's		\| VII \|\| {{class\|po\|object-incorporating verb}} phrases \|\| {{t\|zé}} \|\| {{t\|pó sa gỉ}} \|\| a good one's
	\|-		\|-
	! colspan=5 \| Odd-one-out classes		! colspan=5 \| Odd-one-out classes

Laqme: /* Verb animacy classes */ what if the poster floats?

2022-05-26T11:10:40Z

Verb animacy classes: what if the poster floats?

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:10, 26 May 2022
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	=== Verb animacy classes ===		=== Verb animacy classes ===
	<div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block;">		<div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; float: right;">
	<div style="background-color: #fcc; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em">		<div style="background-color: #fcc; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em">
	<strong style="font-size: larger">Class I – <b style="color: #c00">{{t\|ho}}</b></strong>		<strong style="font-size: larger">Class I – <b style="color: #c00">{{t\|ho}}</b></strong>

Laqme: Add missing

2022-02-11T23:59:31Z

Add missing </div>

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:59, 11 February 2022
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	<div style="font-size: smaller; padding: 1em">[[User:Lynn\|Lynn]]’s animacy poster, <br>outlining the main verb animacy classes. <br>[[Media:AnimacyPoster.png\|See image version.]]		<div style="font-size: smaller; padding: 1em">[[User:Lynn\|Lynn]]’s animacy poster, <br>outlining the main verb animacy classes. <br>[[Media:AnimacyPoster.png\|See image version.]]

			</div>
	</div>		</div>

Uakci: port lynnposter to pukeworthy mediawiki html

2022-02-11T21:45:54Z

port lynnposter to pukeworthy mediawiki html

@@ Line 48: / Line 48: @@
 === Verb animacy classes ===
-[[File:AnimacyPoster.png|thumb|200px|A poster outlining the main verb animacy classes.]]
+<div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block;">
 Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class:
 * If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t|hó}}).

Uakci: change presentation of table to suit prose (0 moved to bottom); small clarification; added anti-link-rot transcript

2022-02-06T23:14:17Z

change presentation of table to suit prose (0 moved to bottom); small clarification; added anti-link-rot transcript

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:14, 6 February 2022
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	! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning		! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning
	\|-		\|-
	\| ~~0 \|\| ({{t\|raı}} alone) \|\| ({{t\|ráı}}) \|\| {{t\|sa rảı}} \|\| something~~		! colspan=5 \| Verb classes
	\|-		\|-
	\| I \|\| Animate verbs \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|sa pỏq}} \|\| a person		\| I \|\| Animate verbs \|\| {{t\|hó}} \|\| {{t\|sa pỏq}} \|\| a person
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	\|-		\|-
	\| IV \|\| Adjective verbs \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|sa dẻ}} \|\| something pretty		\| IV \|\| Adjective verbs \|\| {{t\|tá}} \|\| {{t\|sa dẻ}} \|\| something pretty
			\|-
			! colspan=5 \| Syntactic classes
	\|-		\|-
	\| V \|\| {{tone\|5}} clauses \|\| {{t\|róu}} \|\| {{t\|dûa jí sıa rảı}} \|\| that I know nothing		\| V \|\| {{tone\|5}} clauses \|\| {{t\|róu}} \|\| {{t\|dûa jí sıa rảı}} \|\| that I know nothing
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	\|-		\|-
	\| VII \|\| {{t\|po}} phrases \|\| {{t\|zé}} \|\| {{t\|pó sa gỉ}} \|\| a good one's		\| VII \|\| {{t\|po}} phrases \|\| {{t\|zé}} \|\| {{t\|pó sa gỉ}} \|\| a good one's
			\|-
			! colspan=5 \| Odd-one-out classes
	\|-		\|-
	\| VIII \|\| Personal pronouns \|\| {{t\|fúy}} \|\| {{t\|nháo}} \|\| they		\| VIII \|\| Personal pronouns \|\| {{t\|fúy}} \|\| {{t\|nháo}} \|\| they
	\|-		\|-
	\| IX \|\| Demonstratives \|\| {{t\|bóu}} \|\| {{t\|ní}} \|\| this		\| IX \|\| Demonstratives \|\| {{t\|bóu}} \|\| {{t\|ní}} \|\| this
			\|-
			\| 0 \|\| Just {{t\|raı}} \|\| {{t\|ráı}} \|\| {{t\|sa rảı}} \|\| something
	\|}		\|}

	Note the following distinction:		Note the following distinction:
	* Classes ~~V through IX apply when the expression has a certain grammatical form.~~		* Classes I through IV apply depending on the "main" '''verb animacy class''' of a determiner phrase (animate, inanimate, abstract, or unspecified).
	* Classes 0 through IV apply depending on the "main" '''verb animacy class''' of a determiner phrase.		* Classes V through VII apply when the expression has a certain grammatical form.
			* Classes VIII, IX, and 0 apply to specific closed sets of verbs.

	=== Verb animacy classes ===		=== Verb animacy classes ===
	[[File:AnimacyPoster.png\|thumb\|200px\|A poster outlining the main verb animacy classes.]]		[[File:AnimacyPoster.png\|thumb\|200px\|A poster outlining the main verb animacy classes.]]
	Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class:		Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class:
	* If the verb is {{t\|raı}}, it's in '''class 0''' (the class containing only {{t\|raı}}).
	* If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t\|hó}}).		* If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t\|hó}}).
	*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}}		*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}}
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	* Other verbs are in '''class IV''' ({{t\|tá}}).		* Other verbs are in '''class IV''' ({{t\|tá}}).
	*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}}		*: ''Examples:'' {{t\|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}}

			'''Class 0''' consists of just the verb {{t\|raı}}. This is so that we can use {{t\|raı}} as a dummy verb whose only role is to bind {{t\|ráı}} for later use, e.g.,
			:; {{t\|Sa rảı bı, dủa jí bû bỏ jí ráı da.}}
			:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.''

	=== Which is the "main" class? ===		=== Which is the "main" class? ===
	How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t\|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word?		How do we determine the animacy class of a DP like {{t\|sa dẻ pỏq}} — a [[serial]] of a class-IV and a class-I word?

	An ~~[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490~~ unofficially proposed rule] seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class, if possible; otherwise use class IV".		An unofficially proposed rule seems to boil down to: "use the first non-class-IV word's class, if possible; otherwise use class IV".<ref name=seoqrea />

			=== References ===

			<references>
			<ref name=seoqrea>
			[https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/889589074011230230/926472970518548490 Seoqrea’s formulation] {{Transcript\|[[User:Seoqrea]]: <blockquote>
			I've been thinking about how to determine the animacy class of serials. To me, both of Hỏemaı's original suggestions for how to do this lead to unexpected results, such as pủ zảı being class III if you just use the head's animacy, and chủa lỉq being class I if you take the most animate serial component. So, I've come up with the following system that I think works rather intuitively, using the concept of 'animacy strength', similar to the concept of 'class strength' first described here: https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1/#comment-244 {{Transcript\|The basis rule is that the the highest predicate determines the type of the whole phrase and therefore its adverbial behavior. With some predicates (call them weak predicates), it is more useful to say that the highest strong predicate determines the type. All non-Main Class predicates are strong. Some Main Class predicates are weak, such as, e.g. “jaq”. For example, if “lẽ” (“le” being a Modal) attaches high, then so would “jãq le”. It would be less useful if it had to attach low.}}
			* If the serial head is strong, use its animacy class.
			* Otherwise, use the animacy class of the tail.
			Then, by assigning words the appropriate animacy strengths, you can put e.g. {{t\|tảq ''tủa'' sỉq}} in class I, {{t\|dẻ ''rủa''}} in class II, {{t\|''chủa'' lỉq}} in class III, etc. Generally, all verbs not in the main class would be weak, and all verbs of animacy class IV would be weak, while most other verbs would be strong.
			</blockquote>}}
			</ref>
			</references>