Changes between Beta and Gamma - Revision history

Laqme: Lynn moved page Changes since Public Beta to Changes between Beta and Gamma

2022-02-22T01:38:58Z

Lynn moved page Changes since Public Beta to Changes between Beta and Gamma

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:38, 22 February 2022
(No difference)

Laqme at 00:30, 22 September 2021

2021-09-22T00:30:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:30, 22 September 2021
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	~~Here is~~ an overview of changes ~~since~~ the Public Beta version of Toaq ~~on http~~://toaq.~~org~~/.		This was an overview of changes that happened between the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120032/http://toaq.org/ Public Beta version of Toaq (2017)] and Toaq as spoken circa 2021.

			This list is now both outdated and superfluous: the current description of the language at https://toaq.net/ is up-to-date.

	==== Sounds and spelling ====		==== Sounds and spelling ====

Laqme at 14:26, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T14:26:59Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:26, 3 September 2021
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	* Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').		* Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').
	==== The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system] ====		==== The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system] ====
			* This is pretty big! Make sure to read the blog post.
	* '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.		* '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
	* '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.		* '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.

Laqme: /* The quantifiers update */

2021-09-03T14:23:58Z

The quantifiers update

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 3 September 2021
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	* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".		* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
	* '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.		* '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
			* ''Unofficial but popular:'' You can omit '''rảı''' after a quantifier, e.g. '''Gỉ tu da.''' "Everything is good." This may or may not bind '''ráı''', depending on who you ask.

	==== The [[Small Grammar Update]] ====		==== The [[Small Grammar Update]] ====
	* Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').		* Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').

Laqme at 14:18, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T14:18:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 3 September 2021
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	* There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].		* There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].
	* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.		* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
	* Syllables ~~[https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/~~ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.		* Syllables may start with an unwritten glottal stop, like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
	==== Vocabulary ====		==== Vocabulary ====
	* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.		* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.

Laqme at 14:17, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T14:17:22Z

Laqme at 14:14, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T14:14:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:14, 3 September 2021
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	Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:		Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:

	* There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vowel '''y''' /ə/.		* Sounds and spelling:
	* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.		** An [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ update] to the tones: the '''ǎ''' tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled '''ä'''. The '''ã''' tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".
	* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.		** There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].
	* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.		** There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
	* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.		** Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
	* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. ~~The meaning of the rising tone (~~'''~~ráı~~''') ~~has changed~~ a ~~little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post]~~.		* Vocabulary:
	* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".		** The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
	* ~~Adverbs like~~ '''dẽ''' ~~no longer wrap~~ the ~~whole sentence they're in~~. ~~See~~ [[Small Grammar Update]].		** A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
	* ~~There is a rich~~ new ~~system of~~ [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun ~~classes~~].		* The [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ quantifiers update]:
	* ~~As part of this system,~~ '''ho''' now always "anaphoric": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the ~~sentence~~. The new "exophoric" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.		** Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''.
	* '''lu''' now ~~works the same in every tone (it didn~~'~~t quite before) and~~ '''la''' (a new ~~word) now covers some old uses of it~~. ~~See official blog post~~ [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.		** '''sa kủnē''' binds a variable that may be referred back to using '''kúnē'''.
	* '''~~lu''' is terminated by '''ky~~''', ~~and relative/content clauses are terminated by~~ '''cy'''. ~~See~~ [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3].		** '''do''' (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.
			** '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
			** '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
			* The [[Small Grammar Update]]:
			** Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').
			* The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system]:
			** '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
			** '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.
			* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]:
			** '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds '''hoa'''.
			** '''la''' now starts a declaration the way '''ma''' starts a question. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
			** Instead of '''lû''', say '''lâ''' now.
			* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3]:
			** '''ju''' takes a full sentence.
			** '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''.

Laqme at 11:43, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T11:43:20Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:43, 3 September 2021
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	* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.		* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
	* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.		* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
	* '''baq''' is a quantifier.
	* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].		* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].
			* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
	* Adverbs like '''dẽ''' no longer wrap the whole sentence they're in. See [[Small Grammar Update]].		* Adverbs like '''dẽ''' no longer wrap the whole sentence they're in. See [[Small Grammar Update]].
	* There is a rich new system of [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun classes].		* There is a rich new system of [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun classes].

Laqme at 11:37, 3 September 2021

2021-09-03T11:37:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:37, 3 September 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:
	* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.		* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
	* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.		* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
	* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' is now '''zu'''~~, and~~ '''deoq''' is now '''koy'''.		* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
	* '''baq''' is a quantifier.		* '''baq''' is a quantifier.
	* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].		* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].

Laqme: Created page with "Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/: * There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vow..."

2021-09-03T11:35:32Z

Created page with "Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/: * There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vow..."

New page

Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:

* There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vowel '''y''' /ə/.
* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' is now '''zu''', and '''deoq''' is now '''koy'''.
* '''baq''' is a quantifier.
* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].
* Adverbs like '''dẽ''' no longer wrap the whole sentence they're in. See [[Small Grammar Update]].
* There is a rich new system of [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun classes].
* As part of this system, '''ho''' now always "anaphoric": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the sentence. The new "exophoric" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
* '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before) and '''la''' (a new word) now covers some old uses of it. See official blog post [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
* '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3].

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:17, 3 September 2021
Line 1:		Line 1:
	Here is ~~a quick~~ overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:		Here is an overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/.

	* Sounds and spelling:		==== Sounds and spelling ====
	** An [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ update] to the tones: the '''ǎ''' tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled '''ä'''. The '''ã''' tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".		* An [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ update] to the tones: the '''ǎ''' tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled '''ä'''. The '''ã''' tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".
	** There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].		* There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].
	** There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.		* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
	** Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.		* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
	* Vocabulary:		==== Vocabulary ====
	** The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.		* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
	** A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.		* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
	* The [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ quantifiers update]:		==== The [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ quantifiers update] ====
	** Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''.		* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''.
	** '''sa kủnē''' binds a variable that may be referred back to using '''kúnē'''.		* '''sa kủnē''' binds a variable that may be referred back to using '''kúnē'''.
	** '''do''' (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.		* '''do''' (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.
	** '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".		* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
	** '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.		* '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
	* The [[Small Grammar Update]]:		==== The [[Small Grammar Update]] ====
	** Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').		* Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').
	* The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system]:		==== The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system] ====
	** '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.		* '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
	** '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.		* '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.
	* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]:		==== [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2] ====
	** '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds '''hoa'''.		* '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds '''hoa'''.
	** '''la''' now starts a declaration the way '''ma''' starts a question. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.		* '''la''' now starts a declaration the way '''ma''' starts a question. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
	** Instead of '''lû''', say '''lâ''' now.		* Instead of '''lû''', say '''lâ''' now.
	* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3]:		==== [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3] ====
	** '''ju''' takes a full sentence.		* '''ju''' takes a full sentence.
	** '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''.		* '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''.