Cleft - Revision history

Uakci: remove focus vs. topic aside and link to new article

2023-12-05T18:47:12Z

remove focus vs. topic aside and link to new article

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{refgram|syntax|the cleft verb}}
 In Toaq, the word {{t|nä}} is used to create so-called '''clefts'''. A cleft is a complex sentence that rearranges the contents of a simple sentence. In English, this is often used for emphasis (<i>It is <u>my purse</u> that they stole</i>). In Toaq, this functionality already lives in [[focus marker]]s, and so {{t|nä}} is primarily '''a tool for rearranging sentence structure'''.
@@ Line 50: / Line 51: @@
 </poem></blockquote>
 You can think of {{t|nä}} as serving the role of the comma in the English translation.

Uakci: /* nä and bï */fix italicization. template:t can do funny things sometimes

2023-12-03T13:03:48Z

nä and bï: fix italicization. template:t can do funny things sometimes

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 3 December 2023
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	*: This is the difference between <i>My grandmother, I love her</i> and <i>As for my grandmother, I love her</i>. In the latter of the two examples, <i>as for my grandmother</i> establishes that it’s your grandmother that you’d like to talk about – provide new information about.		*: This is the difference between <i>My grandmother, I love her</i> and <i>As for my grandmother, I love her</i>. In the latter of the two examples, <i>as for my grandmother</i> establishes that it’s your grandmother that you’d like to talk about – provide new information about.
	* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:		* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
	*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí <i>[gêm máq]</i>.}}		*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}
	*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>		*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>
	* Officially, {{t\|bï}} requires [[definite]] topics. For example, {{t\|sía gama bï}} <i>as for no camel</i> is invalid (for semantics reasons).		* Officially, {{t\|bï}} requires [[definite]] topics. For example, {{t\|sía gama bï}} <i>as for no camel</i> is invalid (for semantics reasons).
	* Officially, {{t\|bï}} does not take adverbials.		* Officially, {{t\|bï}} does not take adverbials.

Uakci: /* nä with ꝡä */consequence of tenses AGAIN

2023-12-03T13:01:28Z

nä with ꝡä: consequence of tenses AGAIN

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:01, 3 December 2023
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	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>
	{{t\|{{green\|Ꝡä tua shaı hóaq nháo lóebeaq dûı chuı jôro}}, nä tua dua nháo sía poq, ꝡä mala faq {{green\|hóa}}.}}		{{t\|{{green\|Ꝡä tua shaı hóaq nháo lóebeaq dûı chuı jôro}}, nä tua dua nháo sía poq, ꝡä mala faq {{green\|hóa}}.}}
	<i>{{green\|That he’d sinned by snuffing the candles out prematurely}}, he let nobody know {{green\|such a thing}} ever happened.</i>		<i>{{green\|That he’d sinned by snuffing the candles out prematurely}}, he let nobody know {{green\|such a thing}} had ever happened.</i>
	</poem></blockquote>		</poem></blockquote>

Uakci: /* nä with noun phrases */fix subordination-ending commas

2023-12-03T13:00:31Z

nä with noun phrases: fix subordination-ending commas

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:00, 3 December 2023
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	Imagine you’ve got a hefty noun phrase like <i>that one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me</i> and you’d like to use it in a sentence. You really don’t want to put the enormous noun phrase in the middle of the sentence, like		Imagine you’ve got a hefty noun phrase like <i>that one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me</i> and you’d like to use it in a sentence. You really don’t want to put the enormous noun phrase in the middle of the sentence, like
	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>
	{{t\|Choq jí {{orange\|ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}		{{t\|Choq jí {{orange\|ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa,}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
	<i>I used {{orange\|that one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>		<i>I used {{orange\|that one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>
	</poem></blockquote>		</poem></blockquote>
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	So why not move the noun phrase to the front? {{t\|nä}} does just that:		So why not move the noun phrase to the front? {{t\|nä}} does just that:
	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>
	{{t\|<u>{{green\|Ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} nä</u> choq jí {{green\|hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}		{{t\|<u>{{green\|Ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa,}} nä</u> choq jí {{green\|hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
	<i>{{green\|That one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}}, I used {{green\|it}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>		<i>{{green\|That one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}}, I used {{green\|it}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>
	</poem></blockquote>		</poem></blockquote>

Uakci: /* nä with noun phrases */consequence of tenses

2023-12-03T12:58:00Z

nä with noun phrases: consequence of tenses

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:58, 3 December 2023
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	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>
	{{t\|Choq jí {{orange\|ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}		{{t\|Choq jí {{orange\|ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
	<i>I used {{orange\|that one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>		<i>I used {{orange\|that one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>
	</poem></blockquote>		</poem></blockquote>
	You’ll notice that the remaining content of the sentence unwieldily maneuvers around the large noun phrase. It’s like it doesn’t even belong there any more. (This is known as a violation of [[right-branching]] – we’re putting a large thing in the center of the clause.)		You’ll notice that the remaining content of the sentence unwieldily maneuvers around the large noun phrase. It’s like it doesn’t even belong there any more. (This is known as a violation of [[right-branching]] – we’re putting a large thing in the center of the clause.)
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	<blockquote><poem>		<blockquote><poem>
	{{t\|<u>{{green\|Ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} nä</u> choq jí {{green\|hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}		{{t\|<u>{{green\|Ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} nä</u> choq jí {{green\|hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
	<i>{{green\|That one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me}}, I used {{green\|it}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>		<i>{{green\|That one hammer my great-grandfather had passed down to me}}, I used {{green\|it}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.</i>
	</poem></blockquote>		</poem></blockquote>
	The {{t\|nä}}-phrase (underlined) sits comfortably in the corner of the clause. Elsewhere, we’re able to refer back to it using {{t\|{{green\|hóa}}}}. In this sense, the thing after {{t\|nä}} serves the role of a [[relative clause]] which describes the fronted noun phrase.		The {{t\|nä}}-phrase (underlined) sits comfortably in the corner of the clause. Elsewhere, we’re able to refer back to it using {{t\|{{green\|hóa}}}}. In this sense, the thing after {{t\|nä}} serves the role of a [[relative clause]] which describes the fronted noun phrase.

Uakci: Created page with "{{refgram|syntax|the cleft verb}} In Toaq, the word {{t|nä}} is used to create so-called '''clefts'''. A cleft is a complex sentence that rearranges the contents of a simple sentence. In English, this is often used for emphasis (It is my purse that they stole). In Toaq, this functionality already lives in focus markers, and so {{t|nä}} is primarily '''a tool for rearranging sentence structure'''. == {{t|nä}} with noun phrases == Imagine you’ve got..."

2023-12-03T10:25:47Z

Created page with "{{refgram|syntax|the cleft verb}} In Toaq, the word {{t|nä}} is used to create so-called '''clefts'''. A cleft is a complex sentence that rearranges the contents of a simple sentence. In English, this is often used for emphasis (It is my purse that they stole). In Toaq, this functionality already lives in focus markers, and so {{t|nä}} is primarily '''a tool for rearranging sentence structure'''. == {{t|nä}} with noun phrases == Imagine you’ve got..."

New page

{{refgram|syntax|the cleft verb}}
In Toaq, the word {{t|nä}} is used to create so-called '''clefts'''. A cleft is a complex sentence that rearranges the contents of a simple sentence. In English, this is often used for emphasis (It is my purse that they stole). In Toaq, this functionality already lives in [[focus marker]]s, and so {{t|nä}} is primarily '''a tool for rearranging sentence structure'''.

== {{t|nä}} with noun phrases ==
Imagine you’ve got a hefty noun phrase like that one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me and you’d like to use it in a sentence. You really don’t want to put the enormous noun phrase in the middle of the sentence, like
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|Choq jí {{orange|ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
I used {{orange|that one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.
</poem></blockquote>
You’ll notice that the remaining content of the sentence unwieldily maneuvers around the large noun phrase. It’s like it doesn’t even belong there any more. (This is known as a violation of [[right-branching]] – we’re putting a large thing in the center of the clause.)

So why not move the noun phrase to the front? {{t|nä}} does just that:
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|{{green|Ké ujoq, ꝡë toeq do páopaopao jí hóa}} nä choq jí {{green|hóa}} râo púchaq zûo, ꝡä tua poaq jí báq seoqkası da}}
{{green|That one hammer my great-grandfather passed down to me}}, I used {{green|it}} yesterday to crack some walnuts open.
</poem></blockquote>
The {{t|nä}}-phrase (underlined) sits comfortably in the corner of the clause. Elsewhere, we’re able to refer back to it using {{t|{{green|hóa}}}}. In this sense, the thing after {{t|nä}} serves the role of a [[relative clause]] which describes the fronted noun phrase.

: Orthographic note: one usually does not place a comma after {{t|nä}}, unlike after [[topic|{{t|bï}}]].

=== {{t|nä}} with {{t|ꝡä}} ===
[[Complementizer clause]]s, such as those created with {{t|ꝡä}}, is also a noun phrase and can be fronted just the same:
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|{{green|Ꝡä tua shaı hóaq nháo lóebeaq dûı chuı jôro}}, nä tua dua nháo sía poq, ꝡä mala faq {{green|hóa}}.}}
{{green|That he’d sinned by snuffing the candles out prematurely}}, he let nobody know {{green|such a thing}} ever happened.
</poem></blockquote>

=== {{t|nä}} with {{t|ë}} ===
{{t|ë}} is a regular verb, and {{t|é …}} is a regular determiner phrase, so nothing changes. Still, a neat example is in order:
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|{{green|É fıekuq súq báq côm jí gûoshı}}, nä hoaı shue duq jıba raqmoı jí {{green|hóa}}.}}
{{green|The one time you cursed at me}}, I still keep involuntarily thinking about {{green|it}} from time to time. [= {{green|it}} keeps popping up in my mind]
</poem></blockquote>
(You could also say {{t|Ké, ë …}} for That one time ….)

== {{t|nä}} with [[adverbial]]s ==
As with the above, suppose you’ve got a heavy adverbial like after I’d picked her up from the station. In English, we may move adverbials around, including sending them to the front of the sentence, so both of these sentences mean the same thing in English:
<blockquote><poem>
I got breakfast {{orange|after I’d picked her up from the station}}.
{{green|After I’d picked her up from the station,}} I got breakfast.
</poem></blockquote>
Similarly in Toaq, {{t|nä}} can handle adverbials. This time around, no {{t|hóa}} may appear (because it’s not a ''noun phrase'' we’re referring back to):
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|Taq aıja chuıchuq jí {{orange|bîe, ꝡä heaqnua jí chúece nháo}}.}}
I got myself to eat breakfast {{orange|after I’d carried her away from the train station}}.
</poem></blockquote>
<blockquote><poem>
{{t|{{green|bîe, ꝡä heaqnua jí chúece nháo}}, nä aq aıja chuıchuq jí.}}
{{green|After I’d carried her away from the train station}}, I got myself to eat breakfast.
</poem></blockquote>
You can think of {{t|nä}} as serving the role of the comma in the English translation.

== {{t|nä}} and [[topic|{{t|bï}}]] ==
{{refgram|syntax|topic}}
There are a couple slight differences between the two:
* {{t|bï}} designates the so-called [[topic]] of a clause, while {{t|nä}} is a purely syntactic gesture (and does not impart [[focus]] – that’s the job of particles like {{t|kú}}, see linked article).
*: This is the difference between My grandmother, I love her and As for my grandmother, I love her. In the latter of the two examples, as for my grandmother establishes that it’s your grandmother that you’d like to talk about – provide new information about.
* For noun phrases, {{t|bï}} does not bind {{t|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
*: {{t|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí [gêm máq].}}
*: As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea [from them].
* Officially, {{t|bï}} requires [[definite]] topics. For example, {{t|sía gama bï}} as for no camel is invalid (for semantics reasons).
* Officially, {{t|bï}} does not take adverbials.