Conjunction - Revision history

Mí shıukune: GammaNote to mark WIP

2024-02-22T19:42:08Z

GammaNote to mark WIP

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			{{GammaNote}}

	A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.		A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.

Uakci: {verb,noun} {phrase → form}

2023-12-06T20:45:04Z

{verb,noun} {phrase → form}

Laqme at 00:55, 29 March 2022

2022-03-29T00:55:49Z

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	For example, {{t\|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb phrase meaning “___ is white, and it is black”.		For example, {{t\|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb phrase meaning “___ is white, and it is black”.

	So {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ra kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t\|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun phrases instead: {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ra <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}.		So {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t\|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun phrases instead: {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}.

	=== On combining statements ===		=== On combining statements ===

Laqme: /* Logical conjunctions */

2022-03-29T00:43:03Z

Logical conjunctions

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	They can combine noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram].		They can combine noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram].

			=== On combining verb phrases ===
			Logical conjunctions of verb phrases have “combine the sentences” semantics ''inside their would-be definition'', rather than causing a bifurcation in the clause they're in.

			For example, {{t\|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb phrase meaning “___ is white, and it is black”.

			So {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ra kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t\|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun phrases instead: {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ra <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}.

	=== On combining statements ===		=== On combining statements ===

Laqme at 19:41, 28 March 2022

2022-03-28T19:41:38Z

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	== Prefix usage ==		== Prefix usage ==
	Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “{{t\|to}} conjunction X {{t\|to}} Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English.		Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “{{t\|to}} conjunction X {{t\|to}} Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English.

			== Associativity ==
			Infix conjunctions, perhaps surprisingly to Lojbanists, associate (i.e. group) rightwards.

			{{Example\|nủı ru lủe ra bảo ro dẻ\|small AND (yellow OR (white XOR pretty))}}

			You can use {{t\|to}} as "parentheses".

			{{Example\|to ra nủı ru lủe to bảo ro dẻ\|(small AND yellow) OR (white XOR pretty))}}

	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ ''Coordination''] in the [[refgram]].		* [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ ''Coordination''] in the [[refgram]].

Laqme: /* Non-logical conjunctions */

2022-03-28T19:35:00Z

Non-logical conjunctions

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	{{Example\|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.\|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}}		{{Example\|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.\|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}}

			Joining things that aren't noun phrases with {{t\|roı}} is a bit semantically dubious. Possibly, joining statements with {{t\|roı}} means something like claiming a “sum event” of two things happening together, maybe in the same time/place/context, rather than claiming that one happens and the other happens.

	== Prefix usage ==		== Prefix usage ==

Laqme at 19:30, 28 March 2022

2022-03-28T19:30:08Z

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	=== On adverbial scope ===		=== On adverbial scope ===
	🚧 Does {{t\|~~Bũ jỏe~~ jí ru súq}} have a different meaning from {{t\|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ}}? [http://toaq.herokuapp.com/ Mỉ mỉu] says so:		🚧 Does {{t\|Jỏe bũ jí ru súq}} have a different meaning from {{t\|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ}}? [http://toaq.herokuapp.com/ Mỉ mỉu] says so:

	{{Example\|~~Bũ jỏe~~ jí ru súq.\|It's not true that [I'm skilled and you're skilled].}}		{{Example\|Jỏe bũ jí ru súq.\|It's not true that [I'm skilled and you're skilled].}}
	{{Example\|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ.\|I'm not skilled, and you're not skilled.}}		{{Example\|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ.\|I'm not skilled, and you're not skilled.}}

Laqme at 19:28, 28 March 2022

2022-03-28T19:28:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 28 March 2022
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	A '''conjunction''' is a ~~word~~ that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.		A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.

	For example, {{t\|ru}} “and”, {{t\|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t\|roı}} “together with” are all conjunctions.		For example, {{t\|ru}} “and”, {{t\|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t\|roı}} “together with” are all conjunctions.
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	=== On combining statements ===		=== On combining statements ===
	To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t\|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t\|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun phrase]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone\|2}} tone-conjugation of the verb phrase {{t\|jỉ ru sẻa}}.)		To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t\|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t\|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun phrase]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone\|2}} tone-conjugation of the conjoined [[verb phrase]] {{t\|jỉ ru sẻa}}.)

	Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t\|na}} in front of the conjunction.		Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t\|na}} in front of the conjunction.

Laqme: Created page with "A '''conjunction''' is a word that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one. For example, {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t|roı}} “togeth..."

2022-03-28T19:26:15Z

Created page with "A '''conjunction''' is a word that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one. For example, {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t|roı}} “togeth..."

New page

A '''conjunction''' is a word that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.

For example, {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t|roı}} “together with” are all conjunctions.

== Logical conjunctions ==
A '''logical''' conjunction is one that expands to some logical operation on the truth values you get when committing to either conjugand and parsing the rest of the [[clause]].

For example, {{t|X ru Y}} is a logical conjunction, corresponding to a logical “AND” operation on the “X sentence” and the “Y sentence”: {{t|Bỏ jí ru nháo sa pỉano}} is interpreted as {{t|(Bỏ jí sa pỉano) & (Bỏ nháo sa pỉano)}}.

The logical conjunctions are: {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, {{t|ro}} “xor”, and {{t|rı}} “which one?”.

They can combine noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram].

=== On combining statements ===
To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun phrase]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone|2}} tone-conjugation of the verb phrase {{t|jỉ ru sẻa}}.)

Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t|na}} in front of the conjunction.

This particle used to see more uses that have been superseded by {{t|cy}} and {{t|ky}}, and now this is its only function.

{{Example|Gủaı jí na ru sẻa súq da.|I work and you rest.}}

=== On adverbial scope ===
🚧 Does {{t|Bũ jỏe jí ru súq}} have a different meaning from {{t|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ}}? [http://toaq.herokuapp.com/ Mỉ mỉu] says so:

{{Example|Bũ jỏe jí ru súq.|It's not true that [I'm skilled and you're skilled].}}
{{Example|Jỏe jí ru súq bũ.|I'm not skilled, and you're not skilled.}}

== Non-logical conjunctions ==
A '''non-logical''' conjunction is one that combines two noun phrases into a new noun phrase, without such “logical expansion” semantics.

The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is {{t|roı}} “together with”, which takes the [[plural logic]] “sum” of its conjugands.

{{Example|Hỉe súq roı jí sa shỉ cẻa da.|You and I (together) carry a bag.}}

Compare:

{{Example|Hỉe súq ru jí sa shỉ cẻa da.|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}}

== Prefix usage ==
Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “{{t|to}} conjunction X {{t|to}} Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English.

== See also ==
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ ''Coordination''] in the [[refgram]].

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	The logical conjunctions are: {{t\|ru}} “and”, {{t\|ra}} “either/or”, {{t\|ro}} “xor”, and {{t\|rı}} “which one?”.		The logical conjunctions are: {{t\|ru}} “and”, {{t\|ra}} “either/or”, {{t\|ro}} “xor”, and {{t\|rı}} “which one?”.

	They can combine noun ~~phrases~~, verb ~~phrases~~, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram].		They can combine noun forms, verb forms, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the [https://toaq.net/refgram/22/ refgram].

	=== On combining verb ~~phrases~~ ===		=== On combining verb forms ===
	Logical conjunctions of verb ~~phrases~~ have “combine the sentences” semantics ''inside their would-be definition'', rather than causing a bifurcation in the clause they're in.		Logical conjunctions of verb forms have “combine the sentences” semantics ''inside their would-be definition'', rather than causing a bifurcation in the clause they're in.

	For example, {{t\|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb ~~phrase~~ meaning “___ is white, and it is black”.		For example, {{t\|bảo ru kủo}} is a new verb form meaning “___ is white, and it is black”.

	So {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t\|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun ~~phrases~~ instead: {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}.		So {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru kủo tóq}} claims that there is a black-and-white thing on the table. We do not read it as {{t\|(Nẻo sa bảo tóq) & (Nẻo sa kủo tóq)}}. If this meaning is desired it can be recovered by combining noun forms instead: {{t\|Nẻo sa bảo ru <u>sa</u> kủo tóq}}.

	=== On combining statements ===		=== On combining statements ===
	To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t\|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t\|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun ~~phrase~~]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone\|2}} tone-conjugation of the conjoined [[verb ~~phrase~~]] {{t\|jỉ ru sẻa}}.)		To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t\|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t\|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun form]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone\|2}} tone-conjugation of the conjoined [[verb form]] {{t\|jỉ ru sẻa}}.)

	Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t\|na}} in front of the conjunction.		Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t\|na}} in front of the conjunction.
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	== Non-logical conjunctions ==		== Non-logical conjunctions ==
	A '''non-logical''' conjunction is one that combines two noun ~~phrases~~ into a new noun ~~phrase~~, without such “logical expansion” semantics.		A '''non-logical''' conjunction is one that combines two noun forms into a new noun form, without such “logical expansion” semantics.

	The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is {{t\|roı}} “together with”, which takes the [[plural logic]] “sum” of its conjugands.		The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is {{t\|roı}} “together with”, which takes the [[plural logic]] “sum” of its conjugands.
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	{{Example\|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.\|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}}		{{Example\|Hỉe <u>súq ru jí</u> sa shỉ cẻa da.\|You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.}}

	Joining things that aren't noun ~~phrases~~ with {{t\|roı}} is a bit semantically dubious. Possibly, joining statements with {{t\|roı}} means something like claiming a “sum event” of two things happening together, maybe in the same time/place/context, rather than claiming that one happens and the other happens.		Joining things that aren't noun forms with {{t\|roı}} is a bit semantically dubious. Possibly, joining statements with {{t\|roı}} means something like claiming a “sum event” of two things happening together, maybe in the same time/place/context, rather than claiming that one happens and the other happens.

	== Prefix usage ==		== Prefix usage ==