Focus, topic, cleft - Revision history

Uakci: noun phrase → noun form

2023-12-06T20:42:11Z

noun phrase → noun form

Laqme: nitpick the intro

2023-12-05T21:12:38Z

nitpick the intro

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:12, 5 December 2023
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	{{orange\|[[Focus\|{{t\|kú}}]]}}, {{green\|[[Topic\|{{t\|bï}}]]}}, and {{blue\|[[Cleft\|{{t\|nä}}]]}} are three particles ~~that serve closely related pragmatic functions~~. Let’s examine the ways in which they differ.		{{orange\|[[Focus\|{{t\|kú}}]]}}, {{green\|[[Topic\|{{t\|bï}}]]}}, and {{blue\|[[Cleft\|{{t\|nä}}]]}} are three particles whose purpose is easily confused. Let’s examine the ways in which they differ.

	== Main use ==		== Main use ==

Uakci: use template:t wherever possible

2023-12-05T21:07:50Z

use template:t wherever possible

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 5 December 2023
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	In this sentence…		In this sentence…
	* {{green\|bï}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.		* {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.
	* {{blue\|nä}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.		* {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.
	* {{orange\|kú}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.		* {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	* The syntax of {{green\|bï}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.		* The syntax of {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.
	** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.		** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.
	* The word {{blue\|nä}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.		* The word {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.
	** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.		** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.
	** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.		** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
	* The word {{orange\|kú}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|ku-}}. See [[Simple Focus]].		* The word {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|{{t\|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]].

	== Gotchas ==		== Gotchas ==

Laqme: Toaq example, fewer tables (sorry!)

2023-12-05T20:44:11Z

Toaq example, fewer tables (sorry!)

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:44, 5 December 2023
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	== Main use ==		== Main use ==
	{\| ~~class~~=~~wikitable~~		{{Example\|1=Báq shamu {{green\|bï}}, mí Laqme {{blue\|nä}} soqcho hóa {{orange\|kú}} báq soe.\|2={{green\|As for}} apples, Laqme<span style="font-size: 250%; line-height: 0;">{{blue\|,}}</span> she likes {{orange\|''sour''}} ones best.}}
	! {{~~orange~~\|kú}}
	! {{~~green~~\|bï}}		In this sentence…
	! {{~~blue~~\|nä}}		* {{green\|bï}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.
	\|-		* {{blue\|nä}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.
	~~\| Identify the foreground, foremost important part of what you’re saying.~~		* {{orange\|kú}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.
	~~\| Identify the background – the pivot on which you’re making your point.~~
	~~\| Rearrange words~~.
	\|-
	~~! colspan=3 \| Example~~
	\|-
	~~\| colspan~~=~~3 \|~~ {{green\|As for}} apples, ~~because I dislike sweet ones~~<span style="font-size: ~~400~~%; line-height: 0;">{{blue\|,}}</span> ~~I like~~ {{orange\|''~~savory~~''}} ones best.
	\|-
	\| ~~I want you to know it’s flavor we’re talking~~ about, ~~and it’s~~ the ~~savoriness~~ that ~~I care~~ about in apples.
	\| ~~I want you to know that I’m going to be talking about apples~~.
	~~\| I didn’t~~ feel like ~~saying <i>I like savory ones best because I dislike sweet ones</i>~~, ~~in that~~ order.
	\|}

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	~~{\| class=wikitable~~		* The syntax of {{green\|bï}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.
	~~! {{orange\|kú}}~~		** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.
	! {{green\|bï}}		* The word {{blue\|nä}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.
	~~! {{blue\|nä}}~~		** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.
	\|-		** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
	~~\| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align~~:~~top \| Goes in front of the phrase you want to foreground. <br> As a prefix ({{t\|ku-}}), attaches to the single word you want to foreground.~~		* The word {{orange\|kú}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|ku-}}. See [[Simple Focus]].
	~~\| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align:top \|~~ {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï, {{small caps\|comment}}}}. ~~<br> <small>~~{{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. ~~<br>~~ If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.~~</small>~~
	\| {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|[[relative clause]]}}}}. ~~<br> <small>{{small caps\|~~clause}} must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the ~~{{small caps\|~~noun phrase}}, either using ~~[[relative clause\|~~{{t\|hóa}}]] or an appropriate pronoun like {{t\|hó~~}} or {{t\|hụ́ja~~}}.~~</small>~~
	\|-
	\| {{t\|{{small caps\|[[adverbial]]}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. ~~<br> <small>~~In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.~~</small>~~
	\|}

	== Gotchas ==		== Gotchas ==
	* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just ~~a convoluted~~ way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.		* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.
	* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:		* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
	*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}		*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}
	*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>		*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>

Uakci: Created page with "{{orange|kú}}}}, {{green|bï}}}}, and {{blue|nä}}}} are three particles that serve closely related pragmatic functions. Let’s examine the ways in which they differ. == Main use == {| class=wikitable ! {{orange|kú}} ! {{green|bï}} ! {{blue|nä}} |- | Identify the foreground, foremost important part of what you’re saying. | Identify the background – the pivot on which you’re making your point. | Rearrange words. |- ! c..."

2023-12-05T19:09:13Z

Created page with "{{orange|{{t|kú}}}}, {{green|{{t|bï}}}}, and {{blue|{{t|nä}}}} are three particles that serve closely related pragmatic functions. Let’s examine the ways in which they differ. == Main use == {| class=wikitable ! {{orange|kú}} ! {{green|bï}} ! {{blue|nä}} |- | Identify the foreground, foremost important part of what you’re saying. | Identify the background – the pivot on which you’re making your point. | Rearrange words. |- ! c..."

New page

{{orange|[[Focus|{{t|kú}}]]}}, {{green|[[Topic|{{t|bï}}]]}}, and {{blue|[[Cleft|{{t|nä}}]]}} are three particles that serve closely related pragmatic functions. Let’s examine the ways in which they differ.

== Main use ==
{| class=wikitable
! {{orange|kú}}
! {{green|bï}}
! {{blue|nä}}
|-
| Identify the foreground, foremost important part of what you’re saying.
| Identify the background – the pivot on which you’re making your point.
| Rearrange words.
|-
! colspan=3 | Example
|-
| colspan=3 | {{green|As for}} apples, because I dislike sweet ones{{blue|,}} I like {{orange|''savory''}} ones best.
|-
| I want you to know it’s flavor we’re talking about, and it’s the savoriness that I care about in apples.
| I want you to know that I’m going to be talking about apples.
| I didn’t feel like saying I like savory ones best because I dislike sweet ones, in that order.
|}

== Syntax ==
{| class=wikitable
! {{orange|kú}}
! {{green|bï}}
! {{blue|nä}}
|-
| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align:top | Goes in front of the phrase you want to foreground. As a prefix ({{t|ku-}}), attaches to the single word you want to foreground.
| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align:top | {{t|{{small caps|topic}} bï, {{small caps|comment}}}}. {{small caps|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like the cat or that I love you. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t|máq}} or {{t|hụ́ꝡa}}.
| {{t|{{small caps|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps|[[relative clause]]}}}}. {{small caps|clause}} must [[anaphora|refer back]] to the {{small caps|noun phrase}}, either using [[relative clause|{{t|hóa}}]] or an appropriate pronoun like {{t|hó}} or {{t|hụ́ja}}.
|-
| {{t|{{small caps|[[adverbial]]}} nä {{small caps|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
|}

== Gotchas ==
* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t|Shao paı jí kú súq}} It’s you who I want to be friends with. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just a convoluted way of saying {{t|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.
* For noun phrases, {{t|bï}} does not bind {{t|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
*: {{t|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} {{t|[gêm máq]}}{{t|.}}
*: As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea [from them].

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 5 December 2023
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	In this sentence…		In this sentence…
	* {{green\|bï}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.		* {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.
	* {{blue\|nä}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.		* {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.
	* {{orange\|kú}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.		* {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	* The syntax of {{green\|bï}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.		* The syntax of {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.
	** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.		** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.
	* The word {{blue\|nä}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.		* The word {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.
	** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.		** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.
	** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.		** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
	* The word {{orange\|kú}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|ku-}}. See [[Simple Focus]].		* The word {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|{{t\|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]].

	== Gotchas ==		== Gotchas ==

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:44, 5 December 2023
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	== Main use ==		== Main use ==
	{\| ~~class~~=~~wikitable~~		{{Example\|1=Báq shamu {{green\|bï}}, mí Laqme {{blue\|nä}} soqcho hóa {{orange\|kú}} báq soe.\|2={{green\|As for}} apples, Laqme<span style="font-size: 250%; line-height: 0;">{{blue\|,}}</span> she likes {{orange\|''sour''}} ones best.}}
	! {{~~orange~~\|kú}}
	! {{~~green~~\|bï}}		In this sentence…
	! {{~~blue~~\|nä}}		* {{green\|bï}} is a [[topic]] marker. It identifies what the sentence is about. Here, it tells the listener that we're making some point about apples.
	\|-		* {{blue\|nä}} is a [[cleft]] verb. It purely helps us rearrange words when we feel like it. Here, it achieves a pseudo SVO word order.
	~~\| Identify the foreground, foremost important part of what you’re saying.~~		* {{orange\|kú}} is a [[focus]] marker. It identifies the new or contrasting information in the sentence: What apples does Laqme like? ''Sour'' apples.
	~~\| Identify the background – the pivot on which you’re making your point.~~
	~~\| Rearrange words~~.
	\|-
	~~! colspan=3 \| Example~~
	\|-
	~~\| colspan~~=~~3 \|~~ {{green\|As for}} apples, ~~because I dislike sweet ones~~<span style="font-size: ~~400~~%; line-height: 0;">{{blue\|,}}</span> ~~I like~~ {{orange\|''~~savory~~''}} ones best.
	\|-
	\| ~~I want you to know it’s flavor we’re talking~~ about, ~~and it’s~~ the ~~savoriness~~ that ~~I care~~ about in apples.
	\| ~~I want you to know that I’m going to be talking about apples~~.
	~~\| I didn’t~~ feel like ~~saying <i>I like savory ones best because I dislike sweet ones</i>~~, ~~in that~~ order.
	\|}

	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	~~{\| class=wikitable~~		* The syntax of {{green\|bï}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.
	~~! {{orange\|kú}}~~		** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.
	! {{green\|bï}}		* The word {{blue\|nä}} can be used to front [[noun phrase]]s and [[adverbial]]s.
	~~! {{blue\|nä}}~~		** When fronting a noun phrase, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun phrase, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.
	\|-		** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
	~~\| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align~~:~~top \| Goes in front of the phrase you want to foreground. <br> As a prefix ({{t\|ku-}}), attaches to the single word you want to foreground.~~		* The word {{orange\|kú}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|ku-}}. See [[Simple Focus]].
	~~\| rowspan=2 style=vertical-align:top \|~~ {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï, {{small caps\|comment}}}}. ~~<br> <small>~~{{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun phrase]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. ~~<br>~~ If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.~~</small>~~
	\| {{t\|{{small caps\|noun phrase}} nä {{small caps\|[[relative clause]]}}}}. ~~<br> <small>{{small caps\|~~clause}} must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the ~~{{small caps\|~~noun phrase}}, either using ~~[[relative clause\|~~{{t\|hóa}}]] or an appropriate pronoun like {{t\|hó~~}} or {{t\|hụ́ja~~}}.~~</small>~~
	\|-
	\| {{t\|{{small caps\|[[adverbial]]}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. ~~<br> <small>~~In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.~~</small>~~
	\|}

	== Gotchas ==		== Gotchas ==
	* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just ~~a convoluted~~ way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.		* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.
	* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:		* For noun phrases, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
	*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}		*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}
	*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>		*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:42, 6 December 2023
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	== Syntax ==		== Syntax ==
	* The syntax of {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.		* The syntax of {{green\|{{t\|bï}}}} is: {{t\|{{small caps\|topic}} bï {{small caps\|comment}}}}.
	** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun ~~phrase~~]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.		** {{small caps\|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun form]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t\|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t\|máq}} or {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}}.
	* The word {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun ~~phrase~~]]s and [[adverbial]]s.		* The word {{blue\|{{t\|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun form]]s and [[adverbial]]s.
	** When fronting a noun ~~phrase~~, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun ~~phrase~~}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun ~~phrase~~, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.		** When fronting a noun form, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|noun form}} nä {{small caps\|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora\|refer back]] to the noun form, either using {{t\|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t\|hó}}.
	** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.		** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t\|{{small caps\|adverbial}} nä {{small caps\|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t\|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to.
	* The word {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|{{t\|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]].		* The word {{orange\|{{t\|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange\|{{t\|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]].
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	== Gotchas ==		== Gotchas ==
	* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.		* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t\|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t\|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t\|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t\|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}.
	* For noun ~~phrases~~, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:		* For noun forms, {{t\|bï}} does not bind {{t\|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t\|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all:
	*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}		*: {{t\|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t\|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t\|.}}
	*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>		*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i>