Frame - Revision history

Laqme: fix c, explain relation to argument types, mention adjectives

2024-09-25T00:40:07Z

fix c, explain relation to argument types, mention adjectives

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:40, 25 September 2024
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	A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you ~~what arguments can go in what slots, and what happens when~~ the verb ~~is used to make~~ a [[serial verb]].		A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you how a verb will operate on the next verb when making a [[serial verb]].

	For example, the frame of {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "~~concrete~~" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.		For example, the frame of {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "common" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.

			If the frame is all <code>c</code> (no digits), then this verb cannot act as the left side or "auxiliary" verb in a serial; any following verb will be treated as an [[adjective]].

	A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:		A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:
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	\|+ Frame glyphs		\|+ Frame glyphs
	\|-		\|-
	! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Serial behavior		! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Argument type !! Serial behavior
	\|-		\|-
	\| <code>c</code> \|\| "~~Concrete~~" ~~(non-property)~~ argument \|\| ~~None~~		\| <code>c</code> \|\| "common" argument \|\| none \|\| anything \|\| none
	\|-		\|-
	\| <code>0</code> \|\| 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) \|\| "that ▯ is the case" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-into]]		\| <code>0</code> \|\| 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) \|\| "that ▯ is the case" \|\| {{t\|ꝡä}}-clause* \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-into]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| <code>1</code> \|\| 1-ary relation ([[property]]) \|\| "to satisfy property ▯" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away one]]		\| <code>1</code> \|\| 1-ary relation ([[property]]) \|\| "to satisfy property ▯" \|\| {{t\|lä}}-clause with 1 {{t\|já}}* \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away one]]
	\|-		\|-
	\| <code>2</code> \|\| 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) \|\| "to be in relation ▯ with" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away two]]		\| <code>2</code> \|\| 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) \|\| "to be in relation ▯ with" \|\| {{t\|lä}}-clause with 2 {{t\|já}}* \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away two]]
	\|}		\|}
			<div style="font-size:0.8rem">*Or another [[noun form]] referring to the same thing, such as {{t\|hụ́ꝡa}} or {{t\|hóq}}.</div>

			Note that <code>c</code> does not mean the argument in that slot ''can't'' be a proposition or property. Frames do not restrict the semantic types of a verb's argument; they only say how and where serialization happens.

	== Coindexation ==		== Coindexation ==

Laqme: expand on serial coindexation and PRO

2023-11-03T13:45:50Z

expand on serial coindexation and PRO

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 3 November 2023
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	== Coindexation ==		== Coindexation ==

			<div class="warningbox">This is an advanced section. You don't need to understand it to speak Toaq, but it might help you understand how programs like [[Kuna]] work.</div>

	Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.		Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.
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	The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".		The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".

			When recovering the [[deep structure]] of clauses using serial verbs, this coindexation info is used to translate serial verbs into non-finite clauses, turning their lambda arguments into covert pronouns (called "PRO") that correctly coindex with earlier DPs.

			{{Example\|Nue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.\|{{orange\|mí Joq<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [mí Bıo nue [{{orange\|PRO<sub>i</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}
			{{Example\|Sue caq mí Joq mí Bıo túe.\|mí Joq ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [{{blue\|mí Bıo<sub>j</sub>}} sue [{{blue\|PRO<sub>j</sub>}} ''v''<sub>cause</sub> [caq túe]]]}}

			See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO_(linguistics) PRO (linguistics)] on Wikipedia.

Laqme: /* Coindexation */ clean

2023-10-30T13:33:18Z

Coindexation: clean

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 30 October 2023
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	== Coindexation ==		== Coindexation ==

	Sometimes you might see the letters <code>~~ijkx~~</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.		Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.

	The letters <code>i j k</code> refer to the first, second~~, and third~~ arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.		The letters <code>i j</code> refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.

	For example, {{t\|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} promises ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} promises to ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' that {{orange\|''P''(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'')}} will be brought about."		For example, {{t\|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} promises {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} promises to {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{orange\|P(<tt>i</tt>)}} will be brought about."

	But {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} asks ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} asks of ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' that {{blue\|''P''(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>'')}} be brought about."		But {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} asks {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} asks of {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{blue\|P(<tt>j</tt>)}} be brought about."

	And the frame of {{t\|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} is in relation ''R'' with itself" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} ~~satisfies~~ {{orange\|R(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'', ~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'')}}."		And the frame of {{t\|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} is in relation R with itself" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} is such that {{orange\|R(<tt>i</tt>, <tt>i</tt>)}}."

	The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and ~~the~~ lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} and "many things ''x''".		The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".

Laqme: New article

2023-10-30T13:29:54Z

New article

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 30 October 2023
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	#~~REDIRECT~~ [[~~Frame~~ (~~beta~~)]]		A verb's ''frame'' is a little "signature" that tells you what arguments can go in what slots, and what happens when the verb is used to make a [[serial verb]].

			For example, the frame of {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1</code>, meaning it has two "concrete" slots, and one "1-ary" property slot that will, in a serial verb, [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|merge away]] with the subject of the next verb.

			A frame consists of as many space-separated glyphs as it has argument slots, and each one describes what can go in that slot:

			{\| class="wikitable"
			\|+ Frame glyphs
			\|-
			! Glyph !! Meaning !! Telltale phrase !! Serial behavior
			\|-
			\| <code>c</code> \|\| "Concrete" (non-property) argument \|\| None
			\|-
			\| <code>0</code> \|\| 0-ary relation ([[proposition]]) \|\| "that ▯ is the case" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-into]]
			\|-
			\| <code>1</code> \|\| 1-ary relation ([[property]]) \|\| "to satisfy property ▯" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away one]]
			\|-
			\| <code>2</code> \|\| 2-ary relation ([[relation]]) \|\| "to be in relation ▯ with" \|\| [[Serial_verb#Merging_definitions\|Merge-away two]]
			\|}

			== Coindexation ==

			Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijkx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.

			The letters <code>i j k</code> refer to the first, second, and third arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.

			For example, {{t\|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises ''{{blue\|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} promises to ''{{blue\|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{orange\|''P''(''x<sub>i</sub>'')}} will be brought about."

			But {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks ''{{blue\|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} asks of ''{{blue\|x<sub>j</sub>}}'' that {{blue\|''P''(''x<sub>j</sub>'')}} be brought about."

			And the frame of {{t\|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} is in relation ''R'' with itself" really means "{{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} satisfies {{orange\|R(''x<sub>i</sub>'', ''x<sub>i</sub>'')}}."

			The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and the lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|''x<sub>i</sub>''}} and "many things ''x''".

Laqme: Lynn moved page Frame to Frame (beta)

2023-10-30T12:54:39Z

Lynn moved page Frame to Frame (beta)

New page

#REDIRECT [[Frame (beta)]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 30 October 2023
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	== Coindexation ==		== Coindexation ==

	Sometimes you might see the letters <code>~~ijkx~~</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.		Sometimes you might see the letters <code>ijx</code> in a frame. For example, {{t\|sue}}'s frame is listed as <code>c c 1j</code> in the official dictionary.

	The letters <code>i j k</code> refer to the first, second~~, and third~~ arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.		The letters <code>i j</code> refer to the first and second arguments of the verb. They express a "coindexation" between the lambda arguments inside of a property or relation, and the arguments of the verb itself. A <code>1</code> slot is followed by one such letter and a <code>2</code> by two such letters.

	For example, {{t\|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} promises ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} promises to ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' that {{orange\|''P''(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'')}} will be brought about."		For example, {{t\|nue}} is <code>c c 1i</code>, because "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} promises {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} promises to {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{orange\|P(<tt>i</tt>)}} will be brought about."

	But {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} asks ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' to satisfy property ''P''" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} asks of ''{{blue\|x<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>}}'' that {{blue\|''P''(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>j</~~sub~~>'')}} be brought about."		But {{t\|sue}} is <code>c c 1j</code> because "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} asks {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} to satisfy property P" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} asks of {{blue\|<tt>j</tt>}} that {{blue\|P(<tt>j</tt>)}} be brought about."

	And the frame of {{t\|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} is in relation ''R'' with itself" really means "{{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} ~~satisfies~~ {{orange\|R(~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'', ~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>'')}}."		And the frame of {{t\|taq}} is <code>c 2ii</code>, as "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} is in relation R with itself" really means "{{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} is such that {{orange\|R(<tt>i</tt>, <tt>i</tt>)}}."

	The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and ~~the~~ lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|~~''x~~<~~sub~~>i</~~sub~~>''}} and "many things ''x''".		The letter <code>x</code> means that there is no coindexation between the arguments of the verb and that lambda argument. The frame of {{t\|mıa}} is <code>c 2ix</code> because the relation is applied between {{orange\|<tt>i</tt>}} and "many things x".