Property - Revision history

Laqme: Tiptoe around huaq, now that ha- is the hot new thing

2023-11-03T22:03:02Z

Tiptoe around huaq, now that ha- is the hot new thing

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:03, 3 November 2023
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	{{Example\|lä geanua {{green\|já}} tóqfua\|{{green\|▯}} lifts up the table.}}		{{Example\|lä geanua {{green\|já}} tóqfua\|{{green\|▯}} lifts up the table.}}
	{{Example\|Leo jí lä geanua já tóqfua.\|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}		{{Example\|Leo jí, lä geanua já tóqfua.\|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}

	In English, we just say "I try {{green\|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t\|já}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.		In English, we just say "I try {{green\|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t\|já}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.
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	Here is another example:		Here is another example:
	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|~~huaq~~}} = ▯ ~~is more than~~ ▯ in property ▯.		{{t\|jaqjeq}} = ▯ and ▯ satisfy property ▯ the same amount.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

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	{{Example\|lä sheaqsao {{green\|já}}\|{{green\|▯}} is tall.}}		{{Example\|lä sheaqsao {{green\|já}}\|{{green\|▯}} is tall.}}
	{{Example\|~~Huaq~~ jí súq lä sheaqsao já.\|~~I am more than~~ you in "▯ is tall."<br>I ~~am taller than~~ you.}}		{{Example\|Jaqjeq jí súq, lä sheaqsao já.\|Me and you satisfy "▯ is tall" the same amount.<br>I'm as tall as you.}}

	This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t\|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t\|~~huaq~~}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.		This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t\|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t\|jaqjeq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.

	If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is ~~more~~ true ~~than~~ {{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao súq}}".		If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is true to the same extent as {{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao súq}}".

	== {{t\|já}} is a determiner ==		== {{t\|já}} is a determiner ==
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|lä mıu {{green\|já deo}} ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green\|▯ ({{t\|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t\|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."		{{t\|lä mıu {{green\|já deo}}, ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green\|▯ ({{t\|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t\|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|lä bu dua jí {{red\|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}}		<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|lä bu dua jí, {{red\|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}}
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|{{green\|lä já poq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>		{{t\|{{green\|lä já poq, nä}} bu dua jí, mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}<br/>
	{{green\|to be ~~some person(s), as for which~~}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs		{{green\|for a person, to be such that}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

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	== Serial verbs ==		== Serial verbs ==
	~~The rules of~~ [[~~serial~~ verb]]s ~~are designed to work well~~ with property slots.		[[Serial verb]]s let words with property slots, like {{t\|leo}} and {{t\|jaqjeq}}, act as auxiliary verbs:

	~~They essentially let words with property slots, like~~ {{t\|leo}} ~~and~~ {{t\|~~huaq~~}}~~, act~~ as ~~auxiliary verbs~~:		<blockquote>
			{{t\|leo geanua}} = ▯ tries to lift up ▯.<br>
			{{t\|jaqjeq sheaqsao}} = ▯ is equally tall as ▯.
			</blockquote>

			Here is the same sentence expressed in two ways: first by filling the property slot of {{t\|leo}}, and then by using a serial verb to achieve the same thing.

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|~~leo~~ geanua}} = ~~▯ tries~~ to lift up ▯.<br>		{{t\|Leo jí, {{green\|lä geanua já tóqfua}}.}} = I try {{green\|to lift up the table}}.<br>
	{{t\|~~huaq sheaqsao~~}} = ~~▯ is taller than ▯~~.		{{t\|{{blue\|Leo geanua}} jí tóqfua.}} = I {{blue\|try to lift up}} the table.
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t\|já}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t\|leo}} and {{t\|~~huaq~~}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. ~~But now you know how it works under the hood!~~		This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t\|lä … já}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t\|leo}} and {{t\|jaqjeq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter.

	See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.		See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.

Laqme: /* Nested clause gotcha */ fix diacritic

2023-08-30T20:57:37Z

Nested clause gotcha: fix diacritic

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, 30 August 2023
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|{{green\|lä ja poq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>		{{t\|{{green\|lä já poq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>
	{{green\|to be some person(s), as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs		{{green\|to be some person(s), as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

El at 00:52, 7 December 2022

2022-12-07T00:52:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:52, 7 December 2022
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|{{green\|lä ja ~~pỏq~~, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>		{{t\|{{green\|lä ja poq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>
	{{green\|to be some person(s), as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs		{{green\|to be some person(s), as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

El at 21:14, 6 December 2022

2022-12-06T21:14:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:14, 6 December 2022
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	~~<!--~~
	== Nested clause gotcha ==		== Nested clause gotcha ==
	One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:		One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|{{green\|lâ ja pỏq bı}} ~~bủ dủa~~ jí ~~mâ chỏ~~ {{green\|póq}} ~~baq fỉeqzu~~}}.<br/>		{{t\|{{green\|lä ja pỏq, nä}} bu dua jí mä cho {{green\|póq}} báq fıeqzu}}.<br/>
	{{green\|to be some person(s) as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs		{{green\|to be some person(s), as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|já}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.		Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|já}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.

	~~-->~~

	== Serial verbs ==		== Serial verbs ==

El: update for delta

2022-12-06T21:07:49Z

update for delta

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:07, 6 December 2022
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Toaq has grammar to describe a property: you use a ~~{{Tone\|5}}~~ [[content clause]] with the word {{t\|ja}} in it.		Toaq has grammar to describe a property: you use a [[content clause]] that begins with {{t\|lä}} and has the word {{t\|já}} in it.

	This word, {{t\|ja}}, corresponds to the hole in the property.		This word, {{t\|já}}, corresponds to the hole in the property.

	For example:		For example:

	{{Example\|~~gêanua~~ {{green\|ja}} ~~ke tỏqfua~~\|{{green\|▯}} lifts up the table.}}		{{Example\|lä geanua {{green\|já}} tóqfua\|{{green\|▯}} lifts up the table.}}
	{{Example\|~~Lẻo~~ jí ~~gêanua ja ke tỏqfua~~.\|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}		{{Example\|Leo jí lä geanua já tóqfua.\|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}

	In English, we just say "I try {{green\|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t\|ja}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.		In English, we just say "I try {{green\|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t\|já}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.

	=== Example: comparatives ===		=== Example: comparatives ===
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	This word says that one thing satisfies some property to a greater degree/extent than another.		This word says that one thing satisfies some property to a greater degree/extent than another.

	{{Example\|~~shêaqsao~~ {{green\|ja}}\|{{green\|▯}} is tall.}}		{{Example\|lä sheaqsao {{green\|já}}\|{{green\|▯}} is tall.}}
	{{Example\|~~Hủaq~~ jí súq ~~shêaqsao ja~~.\|I am more than you in "▯ is tall."<br>I am taller than you.}}		{{Example\|Huaq jí súq lä sheaqsao já.\|I am more than you in "▯ is tall."<br>I am taller than you.}}

	This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t\|~~shêaqsao ja~~}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t\|huaq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.		This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t\|lä sheaqsao já}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t\|huaq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.

	If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t\|~~shêaqsao~~ jí}} is more true than {{t\|~~shêaqsao~~ súq}}".		If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao jí}} is more true than {{t\|ꝡä sheaqsao súq}}".

	== {{t\|ja}} is a determiner ==		== {{t\|já}} is a determiner ==
	The "property hole marker" {{t\|ja}} is a [[determiner]], just like {{t\|sa}} or {{t\|~~tushı~~}}. This means it can be followed by a verb in {{~~Tone~~\|4}} to give a name and domain to the hole it creates.		The "property hole marker" {{t\|já}} is a [[determiner]], just like {{t\|sá}} or {{t\|tú}}. This means it can be followed by a verb in {{Done\|1}} to give a name and domain to the hole it creates.

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|~~mîu~~ {{green\|~~ja dẻo~~}} ~~môıjoe~~ déo}} = {{green\|▯ ({{t\|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t\|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."		{{t\|lä mıu {{green\|já deo}} ꝡä moıjoe déo}} = {{green\|▯ ({{t\|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t\|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

			<!--
	== Nested clause gotcha ==		== Nested clause gotcha ==
	One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:		One may approach expressing a property like ''I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs'' like this:

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|~~bû dủa~~ jí {{red\|~~mâ chỏ ja baq fỉeqzu~~}}}}		<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|lä bu dua jí {{red\|mä cho já báq fıeqzu}}}}
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Sadly this is incorrect! The {{t\|ja}} associates with the nested clause marked in red instead. In situations like these, one is forced to instead say		Sadly this is incorrect! The {{t\|já}} associates with the nested clause marked in red instead. In situations like these, one is forced to instead say

	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|ja}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.		Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|já}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.

			-->

	== Serial verbs ==		== Serial verbs ==
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t\|ja}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t\|leo}} and {{t\|huaq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. But now you know how it works under the hood!		This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t\|já}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t\|leo}} and {{t\|huaq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. But now you know how it works under the hood!

	See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.		See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.

Laqme: /* Nested clause gotcha */

2022-10-06T00:20:24Z

Nested clause gotcha

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:20, 6 October 2022
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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|bû dủa jí {{red\|mâ hẻ chỏ ja baq fỉeqzu}}}}		<nowiki>*</nowiki>{{t\|bû dủa jí {{red\|mâ chỏ ja baq fỉeqzu}}}}
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

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	<blockquote>		<blockquote>
	{{t\|lâ ja pỏq bı bủ dủa jí mâ hẻ chỏ póq baq fỉeqzu}}.		{{t\|{{green\|lâ ja pỏq bı}} bủ dủa jí mâ chỏ {{green\|póq}} baq fỉeqzu}}.<br/>
			{{green\|to be some person(s) as for which}} I don't know whether {{green\|they}} like conlangs
	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

Uakci at 21:25, 4 October 2022

2022-10-04T21:25:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 4 October 2022
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	</blockquote>		</blockquote>

	Note ~~tha~~ this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|ja}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.		Note that this approach is ''never wrong'' – it’s never incorrect to move a {{t\|ja}} into a topic phrase, and doing so reduces cognitive load on both speaker and listener.

	== Serial verbs ==		== Serial verbs ==

Uakci: add nested clause gotcha

2022-10-04T21:24:23Z

add nested clause gotcha

@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 {{t|mîu {{green|ja dẻo}} môıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
 </blockquote>
 == Serial verbs ==

Uakci: Uakci moved page User:Lynn/Property to Property without leaving a redirect: is better-written lol

2022-10-04T21:15:26Z

Uakci moved page User:Lynn/Property to Property without leaving a redirect: is better-written lol

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:15, 4 October 2022
(No difference)

Laqme: Created page with "A '''property''' is like a claim with a hole in it. Here are some examples of properties:
▯ is blue. ▯ is a student. ▯ walks to the store. Some people speak ▯ fluently. *I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs.
If you've looked at the Toaq dictionary, this notation may be familiar. Toaq verbs are defined as '''relations''', which are claims with ''any number'' of holes in them. In other words, a property is a ''unary'' (one hole)..."

2022-07-10T19:51:11Z

Created page with "A '''property''' is like a claim with a hole in it. Here are some examples of properties: <blockquote> *▯ is blue. *▯ is a student. *▯ walks to the store. *Some people speak ▯ fluently. *I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs. </blockquote> If you've looked at the Toaq dictionary, this notation may be familiar. Toaq verbs are defined as '''relations''', which are claims with ''any number'' of holes in them. In other words, a property is a ''unary'' (one hole)..."

New page

A '''property''' is like a claim with a hole in it. Here are some examples of properties:

<blockquote>
*▯ is blue.
*▯ is a student.
*▯ walks to the store.
*Some people speak ▯ fluently.
*I don't know whether ▯ likes conlangs.
</blockquote>

If you've looked at the Toaq dictionary, this notation may be familiar. Toaq verbs are defined as '''relations''', which are claims with ''any number'' of holes in them. In other words, a property is a ''unary'' (one hole) relation.

You can think of the hole as "abstracting away" who the claim is about. In English, rather than leaving literal holes in our claims, we say things like: "blueness, studenthood, walking to the store."

== "Satisfying" a property ==
Let's consider the property "some people speak ▯ fluently" and call it ''P''.

If filling the hole with say, Esperanto, makes a true claim, "some people speak Esperanto fluently", then we say that Esperanto '''satisfies''' ''P''.

In logical notation, we write ''P''(Esperanto) to mean the filled-in claim "some people speak Esperanto fluently."

== Using properties ==
=== Example: "try to" ===
There are many Toaq verbs with slots that expect a property:

<blockquote>
{{t|leo}} = ▯ tries to satisfy property ▯.
</blockquote>

Toaq has grammar to describe a property: you use a {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]] with the word {{t|ja}} in it.

This word, {{t|ja}}, corresponds to the hole in the property.

For example:

{{Example|gêanua {{green|ja}} ke tỏqfua|{{green|▯}} lifts up the table.}}
{{Example|Lẻo jí gêanua ja ke tỏqfua.|I try to satisfy "▯ lifts up the table."}}

In English, we just say "I try {{green|to lift up the table}}." There's no word that corresponds to {{t|ja}}. Properties in Toaq often correspond to English infinitives and gerunds.

=== Example: comparatives ===
Here is another example:
<blockquote>
{{t|huaq}} = ▯ is more than ▯ in property ▯.
</blockquote>

This word says that one thing satisfies some property to a greater degree/extent than another.

{{Example|shêaqsao {{green|ja}}|{{green|▯}} is tall.}}
{{Example|Hủaq jí súq shêaqsao ja.|I am more than you in "▯ is tall."<br>I am taller than you.}}

This example somewhat demonstrates the usefulness of properties. We can say {{t|shêaqsao ja}} to refer to "tallness" or "being tall" in the abstract, and then use {{t|huaq}} to compare two concrete "fillings" of that property.

If we only had complete clauses, we'd have to repeat ourselves and say something like "{{t|shêaqsao jí}} is more true than {{t|shêaqsao súq}}".

== {{t|ja}} is a determiner ==
The "property hole marker" {{t|ja}} is a [[determiner]], just like {{t|sa}} or {{t|tushı}}. This means it can be followed by a verb in {{Tone|4}} to give a name and domain to the hole it creates.

<blockquote>
{{t|mîu {{green|ja dẻo}} môıjoe déo}} = {{green|▯ ({{t|déo}}), a child,}} opines that {{t|déo}} is smart.<br>= "for children to find themselves smart."
</blockquote>

== Serial verbs ==
The rules of [[serial verb]]s are designed to work well with property slots.

They essentially let words with property slots, like {{t|leo}} and {{t|huaq}}, act as auxiliary verbs:

<blockquote>
{{t|leo geanua}} = ▯ tries to lift up ▯.<br>
{{t|huaq sheaqsao}} = ▯ is taller than ▯.
</blockquote>

This works so well that you don't see Toaq speakers say {{t|ja}} anywhere near as often as they use verbs like {{t|leo}} and {{t|huaq}}. Once you're used to the rules of serial verbs, they're easier and shorter. But now you know how it works under the hood!

See the article on [[serial verb]]s for more info.