Subclause Reform - Revision history

Isı: Add footnotes section

2025-03-04T02:30:31Z

Add footnotes section

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:30, 4 March 2025
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	== See also ==		== See also ==
	* [[Clause Reform]], which builds off of Subclause Reform		* [[Clause Reform]], which builds off of Subclause Reform

			== Footnotes ==
			<references />

Isı: Link to Clause Reform

2025-03-04T02:14:49Z

Link to Clause Reform

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:14, 4 March 2025
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	{{Example\|Feq jí, ꝡá za ruqshua râo ní nuaq ía.\|I sense that it's going to rain tonight.}}		{{Example\|Feq jí, ꝡá za ruqshua râo ní nuaq ía.\|I sense that it's going to rain tonight.}}
	This dummy argument {{T\|ía}} corresponds to the 'it' in the English translation; it doesn't refer to anything, but is necessary for the sentence to be grammatical.		This dummy argument {{T\|ía}} corresponds to the 'it' in the English translation; it doesn't refer to anything, but is necessary for the sentence to be grammatical.

			== See also ==
			* [[Clause Reform]], which builds off of Subclause Reform

Mỉ Mỉao ga Nhäqpy: Brackets

2024-02-11T03:41:22Z

Brackets

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:41, 11 February 2024
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	== Content clauses ==		== Content clauses ==
	To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T\|ꝡä}}/{{T\|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs:<ref>This word order is created by a remnant movement pattern: the CP starts in verbal argument position, then it moves up above TP, and finally the "remnant" of TP moves up above CP.</ref>		To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T\|ꝡä}}/{{T\|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs:<ref>This word order is created by a remnant movement pattern: the CP starts in verbal argument position, then it moves up above TP, and finally the "remnant" of TP moves up above CP.</ref>
	{{Example\|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.\|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example\|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.\|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}}		{{Example\|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.\|I hope that [they will do it for your sake].}}{{Example\|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.\|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}}
	Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T\|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T\|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>		Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T\|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T\|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>
	{{Example\|Gı có, ꝡä tı súq ní.\|It's good that you're here.}}{{Example\|Jaıca có jí, ꝡä leo nháo.\|It delights me that they tried.}}		{{Example\|Gı có, ꝡä tı súq ní.\|It's good that you're here.}}{{Example\|Jaıca có jí, ꝡä leo nháo.\|It delights me that they tried.}}

Loekıa: Make the translations match the example

2024-02-03T17:11:50Z

Make the translations match the example

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:11, 3 February 2024
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	In official Toaq, [[Content clause\|content clauses]] have the exact same grammar as the main clause of a sentence, and can appear wherever a [[determiner phrase]] might appear. But this grammar actually turns out to be ambiguous! Consider the following sentence:		In official Toaq, [[Content clause\|content clauses]] have the exact same grammar as the main clause of a sentence, and can appear wherever a [[determiner phrase]] might appear. But this grammar actually turns out to be ambiguous! Consider the following sentence:
	{{Example\|Feq jí ꝡä za ruqshua râo ní nuaq.}}		{{Example\|Feq jí ꝡä za ruqshua râo ní nuaq.}}
	Which verb does the adjunct {{T\|râo ní nuaq}} modify? It's not clear where the subclause ends. This example could mean either "I ~~remember~~ that tonight, it's going to rain" or "Tonight, I ~~remember~~ that it's going to rain".		Which verb does the adjunct {{T\|râo ní nuaq}} modify? It's not clear where the subclause ends. This example could mean either "I sense that tonight, it's going to rain" or "Tonight, I sense that it's going to rain".

	Another tricky thing is that in official Toaq, you can underfill verbs, for example by using a transitive verb intransitively:		Another tricky thing is that in official Toaq, you can underfill verbs, for example by using a transitive verb intransitively:

Loekıa: punctuation

2024-02-03T17:10:36Z

punctuation

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:10, 3 February 2024
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	In official Toaq, [[Content clause\|content clauses]] have the exact same grammar as the main clause of a sentence, and can appear wherever a [[determiner phrase]] might appear. But this grammar actually turns out to be ambiguous! Consider the following sentence:		In official Toaq, [[Content clause\|content clauses]] have the exact same grammar as the main clause of a sentence, and can appear wherever a [[determiner phrase]] might appear. But this grammar actually turns out to be ambiguous! Consider the following sentence:
	{{Example\|Feq jí ꝡä za ruqshua râo ní nuaq.}}		{{Example\|Feq jí ꝡä za ruqshua râo ní nuaq.}}
	Which verb does the adjunct {{T\|râo ní nuaq}} modify? It's not clear where the subclause ends. This example could mean either "I remember that tonight, it's going to rain" or "Tonight, I remember that it's going to rain"!		Which verb does the adjunct {{T\|râo ní nuaq}} modify? It's not clear where the subclause ends. This example could mean either "I remember that tonight, it's going to rain" or "Tonight, I remember that it's going to rain".

	Another tricky thing is that in official Toaq, you can underfill verbs, for example by using a transitive verb intransitively:		Another tricky thing is that in official Toaq, you can underfill verbs, for example by using a transitive verb intransitively:
	{{Example\|Leo nháo da.}}		{{Example\|Leo nháo da.}}
	Now how would we say "It delights me that they tried"? If we allow verbs in subclauses to be underfilled, this also creates ambiguity!		Now how would we say "It delights me that they tried"? If we allow verbs in subclauses to be underfilled, this also creates ambiguity:
	{{Example\|Jaıca ꝡä leo nháo jí.}}		{{Example\|Jaıca ꝡä leo nháo jí.}}
	Again, it's not clear where the subclause ends, because {{T\|jí}} could belong to either the inner or outer clause, depending on which verb is underfilled. Clearly, we need a better solution.		Again, it's not clear where the subclause ends, because {{T\|jí}} could belong to either the inner or outer clause, depending on which verb is underfilled. Clearly, we need a better solution.

Loekıa: Explain why the word order of content clauses is the way it is

2024-02-03T17:06:24Z

Explain why the word order of content clauses is the way it is

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:06, 3 February 2024
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	== Content clauses ==		== Content clauses ==
	To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T\|ꝡä}}/{{T\|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs:		To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T\|ꝡä}}/{{T\|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs:<ref>This word order is created by a remnant movement pattern: the CP starts in verbal argument position, then it moves up above TP, and finally the "remnant" of TP moves up above CP.</ref>
	{{Example\|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.\|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example\|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.\|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}}		{{Example\|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.\|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example\|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.\|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}}
	Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T\|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T\|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>		Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T\|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T\|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>

Loekıa: punctuation

2024-02-03T16:58:40Z

punctuation

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:58, 3 February 2024
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	The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities, and make them more naturalistic. It is inspired by the [[Mö\|mö proposal]] and builds on insights from the article [https://www.sfu.ca/~kmoulton/Moulton_CPs.pdf CPs: Copies and Compositionality].<ref>See also [https://people.umass.edu/scable/LING753-SP20/Handouts/6.Moulton-2015.pdf Arguments Against CPs as Arguments], which presents the article in a more compelling lecture format and provides additional discussion.</ref>		The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities and make them more naturalistic. It is inspired by the [[Mö\|mö proposal]] and builds on insights from the article [https://www.sfu.ca/~kmoulton/Moulton_CPs.pdf CPs: Copies and Compositionality].<ref>See also [https://people.umass.edu/scable/LING753-SP20/Handouts/6.Moulton-2015.pdf Arguments Against CPs as Arguments], which presents the article in a more compelling lecture format and provides additional discussion.</ref>

	== Motivation ==		== Motivation ==

Loekıa: Introduce sú to address all known remaining issues with the proposal

2024-02-03T16:53:41Z

Introduce sú to address all known remaining issues with the proposal

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities, and make them more naturalistic.
+The '''Subclause Reform''' is a proposal that changes the grammar of subclauses to fix some ambiguities, and make them more naturalistic. It is inspired by the [[Mö|mö proposal]] and builds on insights from the article [https://www.sfu.ca/~kmoulton/Moulton_CPs.pdf CPs: Copies and Compositionality].<ref>See also [https://people.umass.edu/scable/LING753-SP20/Handouts/6.Moulton-2015.pdf Arguments Against CPs as Arguments], which presents the article in a more compelling lecture format and provides additional discussion.</ref>
 == Motivation ==
@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 {{Example|Jaıca ꝡä leo nháo jí.}}
 Again, it's not clear where the subclause ends, because {{T|jí}} could belong to either the inner or outer clause, depending on which verb is underfilled. Clearly, we need a better solution.
 == Content clauses ==
 To avoid ambiguity when a content clause has a trailing adverb, we say that subclauses starting with {{T|ꝡä}}/{{T|lä}}/etc. can only appear at the very end of a clause, coming ''after'' the outer clause's trailing adverbs:
 {{Example|Zaı jí, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq nhûq súq.|I hope that they will do it for your sake.}}{{Example|Zaı jí nhûq súq, ꝡä jıa tao nháo hóq.|I hope for your sake that they will do it.}}
-Verbs that expect a content clause complement, such as {{T|dua}}, {{T|zaı}}, {{T|leo}}, {{T|teqga}}, will use the complement to fill in their final slot, and moreover they may never be underfilled. But if you want to use a content clause with a verb that doesn't expect them, or you want to use one as the subject of a transitive verb, then you can use the word {{T|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>
+Normally, such a clause will fill in the final slot of the verb. But if you want to use a content clause as the subject of a transitive verb, for example, then you can use the word {{T|có}}, which is a lot like the 'it' in English "'''It''' delights me '''that''' they tried".<ref>Syntactically, we understand {{T|có}} as a trace of type <math>\text{e}</math> that the CP leaves behind when it moves. This trace may be covert if it occurs in the verb's final slot.</ref>
 {{Example|Gı có, ꝡä tı súq ní.|It's good that you're here.}}{{Example|Jaıca có jí, ꝡä leo nháo.|It delights me that they tried.}}
-== Relative content clauses ==
+== Strict clauses ==
-To turn a content clause into a nominalized construct, like English "the fact that" or "the plan to", we use a brand-new piece of grammar: a '''relative content clause'''. The word {{T|ꝡä}} attaches to a determiner phrase as if it was a relative clause, and says that the phrase's '''propositional content''' is given by the content clause that follows.
+The other central idea of this proposal is to restrict the grammar of certain subclauses. A '''strict clause''' has the following properties:
 {{Example|Cho jí sío, ꝡä mala tı sía seq úmo ní rıaq.|I like the thought that no one apart from us has ever been here before.}}{{Example|Táosıo, lä seraq nhâna kú râo núaq já, bï chı duı hıam jí hóq.|I think the plan to attack them at night is too dangerous.}}
-Just like normal relative clauses, these are not allowed to contain trailing adverbs, and may not be underfilled. And just as we have {{T|ꝡé}} as an abbreviation for {{T|ló, ꝡë}}, we also have {{T|ꝡá}} as an abbreviation for {{T|ló, ꝡä}}.
+* The verb may not be underfilled. This means that {{T|chuq póq}} is not a valid strict clause, and instead we must use prefixes like {{T|hao-}} to explicitly reduce the verb's arity: {{T|hạochuq póq}}.
 {{Example|Hạle, ꝡá sho suhu hóe, ꝡá dana súq jí.|It is more likely that the sun turns into a pig than that you beat me.}}{{Example|Má tı ríaq Éoropa, bï bu moaq jí hụ́ma.|As for whether that place is in Europe, I do not remember that.}}
 Notice that nominalizing a content clause with {{T|ꝡá}} allows it to appear directly in topic or subject position, whereas a {{T|ꝡä}} clause is much more limited in its positioning.
@@ Line 36: / Line 62: @@
 {{Example|Feq jí, ꝡá za ruqshua râo ní nuaq ía.|I sense that it's going to rain tonight.}}
 This dummy argument {{T|ía}} corresponds to the 'it' in the English translation; it doesn't refer to anything, but is necessary for the sentence to be grammatical.

Loekıa: Tweak wording

2024-01-30T00:20:13Z

Tweak wording

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:20, 30 January 2024
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	This proposal isn't perfect. In particular, relative content clauses are subject to some of the same ambiguity as relative clauses:		This proposal isn't perfect. In particular, relative content clauses are subject to some of the same ambiguity as relative clauses:
	{{Example\|Póq po kúe, ꝡë zao súq hóa}}{{Example\|Júna po sío, ꝡä hao ráı}}		{{Example\|Póq po kúe, ꝡë zao súq hóa}}{{Example\|Júna po sío, ꝡä hao ráı}}
	These clauses could conceivably attach to either the DP outside the predicatizer, or the DP inside the predicatizer. Fundamentally, predicatizers and object incorporation both create verb forms in which multiple 𝘯Ps "pile up" at the right edge, which makes adjunction to 𝘯Ps ~~problematic~~.		These clauses could conceivably attach to either the DP outside the predicatizer, or the DP inside the predicatizer. Fundamentally, predicatizers and object incorporation both create verb forms in which multiple 𝘯Ps "pile up" at the right edge, which makes adjunction to 𝘯Ps ambiguous.

	But relative content clauses also create a new case of ambiguity:		But relative content clauses also create a new case of ambiguity:

Loekıa: Tweak wording

2024-01-15T19:16:01Z

Tweak wording

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 15 January 2024
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	This proposal isn't perfect. In particular, relative content clauses are subject to some of the same ambiguity as relative clauses:		This proposal isn't perfect. In particular, relative content clauses are subject to some of the same ambiguity as relative clauses:
	{{Example\|Póq po kúe, ꝡë zao súq hóa}}{{Example\|Júna po sío, ꝡä hao ráı}}		{{Example\|Póq po kúe, ꝡë zao súq hóa}}{{Example\|Júna po sío, ꝡä hao ráı}}
	These clauses could conceivably attach to either the DP outside the predicatizer, or the DP inside the predicatizer. Fundamentally, predicatizers and object incorporation both create verb forms in which multiple 𝘯Ps "pile up" at the right edge, which makes 𝘯P adjunction problematic.		These clauses could conceivably attach to either the DP outside the predicatizer, or the DP inside the predicatizer. Fundamentally, predicatizers and object incorporation both create verb forms in which multiple 𝘯Ps "pile up" at the right edge, which makes adjunction to 𝘯Ps problematic.

	But relative content clauses also create a new case of ambiguity:		But relative content clauses also create a new case of ambiguity: