Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
(fix grandmar) |
||
| Line 187: | Line 187: | ||
Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}. | Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}. | ||
{{t|mı}} is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. ({{t|Hu mí | {{t|mı}} is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. ({{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı ga, hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı". Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|ga}} or {{t|lả}} or {{t|je}} or something similar.) | ||
== Asking questions == | == Asking questions == | ||
| Line 195: | Line 195: | ||
{{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question. ({{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?") | {{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question. ({{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?") | ||
{{t|hı}} | {{t|hı}} 'what, which', {{t|co}} 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. | ||
== {{t|po}} == | == {{t|po}} == | ||
== Properties == | == Properties == | ||
ja in {{tone|5}} | ja in {{tone|5}} | ||
Revision as of 17:49, 9 July 2022
Vocab
Pronouns
- jí = me
- súq = you
- nháo = him/her/them
- múy = me+you
- míy = me+them
- máy = me+you+them
- há = one (impersonal)
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:
- hó = him/her/them (animate)
- máq = it (inanimate)
- hóq = it (abstract)
- tá = it (adjective)
Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:
- jıbo = ___ is mine
- suqbo = ___ is yours
- maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)
Everyday vocab
- poq = ___ is a person
- ocha = ___ is a human
- nıaı = ___ is an animal
- deo = ___ is a child
- kato = ___ is a cat
- kune = ___ is a dog
- cıe = ___ is a fish
- hoe = ___ is a sun
- mıao = ___ is a moon
- nao = ___ is water
- haq = ___ is food
- rua = ___ is a flower
- maı = ___ loves ___
- paı = ___ is a friend of ___
- cho = ___ likes ___
- hıo = ___ greets ___
- chuq = ___ eats ___
- pıe = ___ drinks ___
- kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
- koy = ___ talks to ___
- gı = ___ is good
- huı = ___ is bad
- de = ___ is beautiful
- kıa = ___ is red
- mıo = ___ is blue
- bao = ___ is white
- kuo = ___ is black
- tı = ___ is at ___
- nıe = ___ is inside ___
- neo = ___ is on top of ___
- toa = ___ is a word
- muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
- toaq = ___ is Toaqic
- dua = ___ knows ___
- chı = ___ believes ___
- mıu = ___ opines ___
- gaı = ___ senses ___
- kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
- leo = ___ tries to do ___
- tua = ___ makes ___ happen
- shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
- choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___
- ca = ___ causes ___
- kuı = ___ is because ___
- bu = ___ is false
- le = ___ is likely
- daı = ___ is possible
- raı = ___ is something
- nı = ___ is this/that
Tenses and aspects
- pu = ___ happened
- naı = ___ happens now
- jıa = ___ will happen
- ceo = ___ starts to happen
- chufaq = ___ is happening
- shaı = ___ stops happening
- shıu = ___ happens before ___
- rao = ___ happens during ___
- bıe = ___ happens after ___
- nıqguo = ___ happens again
- he = ___ is gnomically true
Sentence structure
| (Connector) | (Topic) | Body | (Illocution) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Je, (Well,) | háq bı, | gỉ máq jìe nháo | da. (statement) |
| Keo, (However,) | moq? (question) | ||
| Tıu, (So,) | ba. (wish) | ||
| Nhu, (Anyway,) | nha. (promise) |
Tones
Rising tone 
Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: póq "the person(s)", cá "the cause(s)"
Rising-creaky tone 
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.
- póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
- níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
- níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"
Falling tone 
Main verb.
- Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."
Peaking tone 
Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.
- ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
- Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
- Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."
Mid-falling tone 
A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
- nèo míao = "on the moon"
- Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
- Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."
Falling creaky tone 
An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
- dãı = "possibly"
- Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."
Neutral tone 
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
Determiners
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
| sa cỉe | a/some fish |
|---|---|
| tu cỉe | every fish |
| sıa cỉe | no fish |
| ke cỉe | the fish |
| baq cỉe | fish (in general) |
| hı cỉe | which fish? |
Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…
Conjunctions
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
- Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
- Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
- Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
roı is special, and combines nouns it connects:
- Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."
Quotations and names
Quotations start with mo and end with teo.
mı is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, hu should be added before the name. (Hu mí Hỏemaı ga, hỉo ka = "Hello, Hoemaı". Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with ga or lả or je or something similar.)
Asking questions
moq is the illocution for asking questions.
mả can be used to ask a yes/no question. (Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq? = "Are you Hoemaı?")
hı 'what, which', co 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions.
po
Properties
ja in