Comparison of Lojban and Toaq

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Comparison of Lojban and Toaq
Lojban Toaq
Stress segments words Tones segment words
.i begins sentences Illocution marker ends sentence
.i ku'i… / .i ta'o… Sentence connectors: Keo… / Fou…
SVO: .i mi cusku ra do VSO: Kủq jí hóq súq da.
brivla, sumti, cmavo Verb, noun phrase, particle
cnima'o: .ui .ua .ue Interjection: aja, â, obe!
gismu Root
lujvo Compound word
No equivalent, jvajvo-ish Serial verb
vocatives: coi ki'e Interjection: jadı, kıjı!
doi + sumti hu + NP
zo .djan. cmene la .djan. Chủa shú «Jảq» mí Jảq.
Singular logic and "xorlo" Plural logic
su'o, ro, lo, le… No equivalent, instead…
su'oi, ro'oi, ro'oi pa, ru'oi Determiners: sa, tu, tushı, tuq
lo'au, ri'oi, dau'u Determiners: ke, hoı, rising tone
BY, ko'V, vo'V Anaphoric pronouns, rising tone
No real equivalent, lo'e-ish Kinds and baq
prenex zo'u comment Prenex comment
lo su'u … kei Content clause: rising-falling tonecy
lo ka … ce'u … kei Property: rising-falling tone … ja … cy
poi … ke'a … ku'o Relative clause: rising-creaky tonehóacy
noi / soi … ku'o Incidental clause: juda
lo poi'i … ke'a … kei Free relative: hóaky
noi'a, soi'a Adverbials, namely:
— noi'a melbi Adverbs: dẽ falling creaky tone
— noi'a zvati be … Prepositions: tì … mid-falling tone
Speaker picks noi'a or soi'a Verb is "Type I" or "Type II"
ja ji je jonai jo'u ra rı ru ro roı
ga … gi … to ra … to …
lu … li'u mó … teo
to … toi (kıo … kı)
pareci mei'i fue guheı saq (hundred two-ten three)
gismu have max. 5 places Roots have max. 3
se, te, ve, xe se=mu, but prefer Passivizers
Absent in Toaq:
rafsi Compounds retain word forms
zi'evla / fu'ivla Not distinguished from roots
tanru No equivalent. Use po or serials
mekso Use normal grammar or math notation
lerfu No special grammar
zo'e, fV Absent, must fill places in order
ka'e, na'o, pu, zi, na… Auxiliary verbs are just verbs
sumti tcita Use any verb as a preposition
lo'u, le'u, zoi See Foreign quotation