Pronoun: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Exophoric pronouns
|+ Exophoric pronouns
|+  align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight: normal" | *Unofficial but popular
|-
|-
! Pronoun !! Meaning
! Pronoun !! Meaning
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|-
|-
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
|-
| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
|-
| {{t|róeq}}*, {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
|-
|-
| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
|-
|-
| {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
| {{t|úmı}}*, {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
| {{t|ínhe}}*, {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
| {{t|ámao}}*, {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
|-
| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
|-
| {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
|}
|}
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| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
|-
|-
| {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
| {{t|kóeq}}*, {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
|-
|-
| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
|-
|-
| {{t|fúy}} || he/she/they/it (same referent as latest pronoun)
| {{t|fúeq}}*, {{t|fúy}} || he/she/they/it (same referent as latest pronoun)
|-
|-
| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
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(* Unofficial but popular. If two forms are listed, prefer the first one since it no longer uses {{t|ay uy ıy oy ey}} syllables, which are now outdated.)


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Revision as of 23:42, 30 October 2022

Toaq has relatively many pronouns. It makes distinctions that English does not:

A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.
  • Clusivity: there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
  • Exophora vs. anaphora: there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” (exophora) vs. “references to earlier phrases” (anaphora).
  • Animacy: there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are even 9 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
Exophoric pronouns
Pronoun Meaning
I, me
súq you
nháo he, she, they
kóu* it (inanimate object)
róeq*, ráy* it (abstract)
súo y'all (you and they)
úmı*, múy we (you and I)
ínhe*, míy we (they and I)
ámao*, máy we (you, they, and I)
one (people in general)
Anaphoric pronouns
Pronoun Meaning
he/she/they (latest grammatically animate DP)
máq it (latest grammatically inanimate DP)
hóq it (latest grammatically abstract DP)
it (latest adjective-like DP)
róu it (latest rising-falling tone content clause)
kóeq*, kúy it (latest lu DP)
it (latest object incorporating verb DP)
fúeq*, fúy he/she/they/it (same referent as latest pronoun)
bóu it (latest demonstrative noun phrase)
áq itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
chéq each other (reciprocal with clause subject)

(* Unofficial but popular. If two forms are listed, prefer the first one since it no longer uses ay uy ıy oy ey syllables, which are now outdated.)

Notes

  • All living animals have the pronoun nháo in Toaq, not just humans.
  • The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun áq, so you cannot use hó, máq, hóq… to refer to it.
  • For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing -bo to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
    • For example, suqbo means “yours” and tabo means “its” (belonging to the referent of ).