Cheat sheet

Pronouns

• jí = I
• súq = you (sg.)
• súna = you all (pl.)
• nháo = he/she/they (sg.)
• nhána = they (pl.)
• úmo = I+you
• íme = I+they
• súho = you+they
• áma = I+you+they
• há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

• hó = him/her/them (animate)
• máq = it (inanimate)
• hóq = it (abstract)
• tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

• jıbo = ___ is mine
• suqbo = ___ is yours
• maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

For example:

• Jıbo kúe ní (da). = "This is my book"
• Bo súq kúe jıbo (da). = "You have my book"

Nature vocab

• poq = ___ is a person
• ocha = ___ is a human
• nıaı = ___ is an animal
• deo = ___ is a child
• kato = ___ is a cat
• kune = ___ is a dog
• cıe = ___ is a fish
• hoe = ___ is a sun
• mıao = ___ is a moon
• nao = ___ is water
• haq = ___ is food
• rua = ___ is a flower

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Colors

• reo = ___ has color ___
• reocuaq = ___ is a color

kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq

All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".

Everyday vocab

• maı = ___ loves ___
• paı = ___ is a friend of ___
• cho = ___ likes ___
• hıo = ___ greets ___

• shaıhıo = ___ says bye to ___

• chuq = ___ eats ___
• pıe = ___ drinks ___
• kuq = ___ says ___
• keoı = ___ talks to ___
• gı = ___ is good
• huı = ___ is bad
• de = ___ is beautiful
• tı = ___ is at ___
• nıe = ___ is inside ___
• neo = ___ is on top of ___

Abstract vocab

• toa = ___ is a word
• muı = ___ is a meaning of ___

• bọmuı = ___ means ___

• toaq = ___ is Toaqic
• dua = ___ knows ___
• chı = ___ believes ___
• mıu = ___ opines ___
• gaı = ___ senses ___

• kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
• huogaı = ___ hears ___
• shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
• noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
• puaqgaı = ___ touches ___

• sı = ___ pays attention to ___

• kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
• huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.

Abstract vocab 2

• kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
• leo = ___ tries to do ___
• tua = ___ makes ___ happen
• shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
• choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___
• ca = ___ causes ___
• kuı = ___ is because ___
• bu = "not" (before a verb)
• le = ___ is likely
• daı = ___ is possible
• raı = ___ is something

Tenses

These go before verbs and aspects:

• pu = past
• naı = present
• jıa = future

Aspects

These go before verbs:

• tam = completely X-es (perfective)
• chum = is X-ing (imperfective)
• luı = has X-ed
• za = has yet to X
• hoaı = still
• haı = already
• hıq = just finished
• fı = just about to
• he = as a rule (gnomic)

Sentence structure

(Complementizer)	(Topic)	Body	(Illocution)
Ꝡa, (declarative)	háq bï,	gı máq jîe nháo	da. (statement, optional)
Ma, (yes/no question)			móq? (question, optional)
Tıo, (degree question)			ba. (wish)
			nha. (promise)

Falling tone

Main verb.

• Maı jí súq (da). = "I love you."

Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in . In the example below, only the word káto changes to . The remaining kuo is in .

• Maı jí káto kuo da. = "I love the black cat."

Rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:

poq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"

ca = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"

If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the bo- prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.

ca => bọ́ca "the thing(s) that was caused"