The Toaq Wiki

Negation: Difference between revisions

Negation (view source)

Revision as of 13:11, 9 May 2024

298 bytes removed ,  13:11, 9 May 2024
Scope diagrams
(More negation scope notes)
(Scope diagrams)
 
(One intermediate revision by the same user not shown)
Line 7: Line 7:


If we want to say "not all those who wander are lost", we might accidentally say:
If we want to say "not all those who wander are lost", we might accidentally say:
{{Example|<ruby>Bu<rt>not</rt></ruby> <ruby>tıeqbıao<rt>lost</rt></ruby> <ruby>tú<rt>each</rt></ruby> <ruby>neqkoı<rt>wanderer</rt></ruby>.<br>&equals; Tú neqkoı nä, bu tıeqbıao néqkoı.|Each wanderer is non-lost. 😱}}
<blockquote>
{{Scope|1=red|2=Bu tıeqbıao <b>tú</b> neqkoı.}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=<small>∀ neqkoı</small> Bu tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}<br>Each wanderer is non-lost. 😱</blockquote>
To get the right meaning, we have to instead say
To get the right meaning, we have to instead say
{{Example|Bu tıeqbıao sá neqkoı.|Some wanderers are non-lost.}}
<blockquote>
{{Scope|1=red|2=Bu tıeqbıao <b>sá</b> neqkoı.}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=<small>∃ neqkoı</small> Bu tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}<br>Some wanderers are non-lost.</blockquote>
Or we can use the verb {{t|sahu}} "to be false":
Or we can use the verb {{t|sahu}} "to be false":
{{Example|Sahu, ꝡä tıeqbıao tú neqkoı.|It's false that each wanderer is lost.}}
<blockquote>
{{Scope|1=red|2=Sahu, {{Scope|#09f|<b>ꝡä</b> tıeqbıao <b>tú</b> neqkoı.}}}}<br>{{Scope|1=red|2=Sahu, {{Scope|#09f|<small>∀ neqkoı</small> <b>ꝡä</b> tıeqbıao <b>néqkoı</b>.}}}}<br>It's false that each wanderer is lost.</blockquote>


=== Tenses ===
=== Tenses ===
Line 23: Line 26:


=== Connectives ===
=== Connectives ===
[[File:bukiamaqruluemaq.png|300px|thumb|right|Kuna's parse tree.]]
Officially, {{t|rú}} is described as joining TPs, but what this actually boils down to is {{t|rú}} joins the highest phrase under a CP. In particular, {{t|rú}} scopes over negation: {{t|Bu kıa máq rú lue máq}} means "It's not red, and it ''is'' yellow."
 
Officially, {{t|rú}} is described as joining TPs, so {{t|Bu kıa máq rú lue máq}} means "It's false that [it's red and it's yellow]", i.e. it's neither red nor yellow.
 
[[Kuna]] currently has {{t|rú}} joining ΣPs, so that {{t|Bu kıa máq rú lue máq}} means "It's not red, and it ''is'' yellow."
 
<small>(TODO: resolve this? My intuition is lined up with pómı Kuna, and I'd repeat {{t|bu}} to say the other thing. But another option is to say that {{t|rú}} joins the smallest constituent on the right that's bigger than a verb, so {{t|bu kıa máq rú lue máq}} is vP-rú-vP and {{t|bu kıa máq rú <u>jeo</u> lue máq}} is how you achieve ΣP-rú-ΣP. [[User:Lynn|Lynn]] ([[User talk:Lynn|talk]]) 11:39, 30 March 2024 (UTC))</small>
Retrieved from "https://toaq.me/Special:MobileDiff/1890...1944"