Pronoun: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 16:15, 30 May 2024

Toaq has relatively many pronouns. It makes distinctions that English does not:

Clusivity: there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
Exophora vs. anaphora: there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” (exophora) vs. “references to earlier phrases” (anaphora).
Animacy: there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.

Exophoric pronouns
Pronoun	Meaning
jí	I, me
súq	you (singular)
súna	you (plural)
súho	you (you and they)
nháo	he, she, they (singular)
nhána	they (animate plural)
kóm	it (inanimate)
ré	it (abstract)
úmo	we (you and I)
íme	we (they and I)
áma	we (you, they, and I)
há	one (people in general)

Anaphoric pronouns
Pronoun	Meaning
hó	he/she/they (latest grammatically animate DP)
máq	it (latest grammatically inanimate DP)
hóq	it (latest grammatically abstract DP)
tá	it (latest adjective-like DP)
áq	itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
chéq	each other (reciprocal with clause subject)

Notes

All living animals have the pronoun nháo in Toaq, not just humans.
The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun áq, so you cannot use hó, máq, hóq… to refer to it.
For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing -bo to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
- For example, suqbo means “yours” and tabo means “its” (belonging to the referent of tá).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Personal pronouns (TODO) ==
+Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
+<!--
+[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
+-->
+* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
+* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
+* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
-== Anaphoric pronouns ==
+<div style=display:inline-table>
-See [[Animacy]].
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Exophoric pronouns
+|-
+! Pronoun !! Meaning
+|-
+| {{t|jí}} || I, me
+|-
+| {{t|súq}} || you (singular)
+|-
+| {{t|súna}} || you (plural)
+|-
+| {{t|súho}} || you (you and they)
+|-
+| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they (singular)
+|-
+| {{t|nhána}} || they (animate plural)
+|-
+| {{unofficial|{{t|kóm}}}} || it (inanimate)
+|-
+| {{unofficial|{{t|ré}}}} || it (abstract)
+|-
+| {{t|úmo}} || we (you and I)
+|-
+| {{t|íme}} || we (they and I)
+|-
+| {{t|áma}} || we (you, they, and I)
+|-
+| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
+|}
+</div>
+<div style=display:inline-table>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Anaphoric pronouns
+|-
+! Pronoun !! Meaning
+|-
+| {{t|hó}} || he/she/they (latest [[Animacy|grammatically animate]] <abbr title="determiner phrase">DP</abbr>)
+|-
+| {{t|máq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|grammatically inanimate]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|hóq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|grammatically abstract]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
+|-
+| {{t|chéq}} || each other (reciprocal with clause subject)
+|}
+</div>
+== Notes ==
+* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans.
+* The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it.
+* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
+** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}).