Pronoun: Difference between revisions
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Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not: | Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not: | ||
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[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]] | [[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]] | ||
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* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included. | * '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included. | ||
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]). | * '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]). | ||
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are | * '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs. | ||
<div style=display:inline-table> | <div style=display:inline-table> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Exophoric pronouns | |+ Exophoric pronouns | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Pronoun !! Meaning | ! Pronoun !! Meaning | ||
| Line 16: | Line 15: | ||
| {{t|jí}} || I, me | | {{t|jí}} || I, me | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t|súq}} || you | | {{t|súq}} || you (singular) | ||
|- | |||
| {{t|súna}} || you (plural) | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|súho}} || you (you and they) | |||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they | | {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they (singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{t|nhána}} || they (animate plural) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{unofficial|{{t|kóm}}}} || it (inanimate) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{unofficial|{{t|ré}}}} || it (abstract) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{t|úmo}} || we (you and I) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{t|íme}} || we (they and I) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{t|áma}} || we (you, they, and I) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t| | | {{t|há}} || one (people in general) | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP) | | {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject) | | {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject) | ||
Latest revision as of 16:15, 30 May 2024
Toaq has relatively many pronouns. It makes distinctions that English does not:
- Clusivity: there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
- Exophora vs. anaphora: there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” (exophora) vs. “references to earlier phrases” (anaphora).
- Animacy: there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
| Pronoun | Meaning |
|---|---|
| jí | I, me |
| súq | you (singular) |
| súna | you (plural) |
| súho | you (you and they) |
| nháo | he, she, they (singular) |
| nhána | they (animate plural) |
 kóm |
it (inanimate) |
| ré |
it (abstract) |
| úmo | we (you and I) |
| íme | we (they and I) |
| áma | we (you, they, and I) |
| há | one (people in general) |
| Pronoun | Meaning |
|---|---|
| hó | he/she/they (latest grammatically animate DP) |
| máq | it (latest grammatically inanimate DP) |
| hóq | it (latest grammatically abstract DP) |
| tá | it (latest adjective-like DP) |
| áq | itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject) |
| chéq | each other (reciprocal with clause subject) |
Notes
- All living animals have the pronoun nháo in Toaq, not just humans.
- The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun áq, so you cannot use hó, máq, hóq… to refer to it.
- For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing -bo to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
- For example, suqbo means “yours” and tabo means “its” (belonging to the referent of tá).