Latin writing system: Difference between revisions

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Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]].
Toaq is most commonly written using a modified '''Latin writing system''', with diacritics on the vowels to mark [[tone]].


= Alphabet =
== Alphabet ==
The alphabet, in '''native order''', is:
The alphabet, in '''native order''', is:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}} !! {{t|y}}
! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|ꝡ}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}}
|-
|-
| /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /ŋ/ || /g/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/ || /ə/
| /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /w~j/ || /ŋ/ || /ɡ/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/
|}
|}


In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e, y}} order.
Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter {{t|ꝡ}}. The [[refgram]] suggests using {{t|v}} as a replacement. People also commonly use {{t|w}} or {{t|vy}} or {{t|y}}.
 
In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e}} order.


In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}}
In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}}


The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot, to avoid confusion with the diacritics below.
The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.


= Diacritics =
== Diacritics ==
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e, y}}) of a word to mark non-neutral [[tone]] on the whole word:
 
=== Tone marking ===
The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e}}) of a word to mark non-default [[tone]] on the whole word:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name
! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name
|-
|-
| 2 || {{tone|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone
| 1 || {{done|1}} || {{t|a}} || — || — || falling tone
|-
|-
| 3 || {{tone|3}} || {{t|ä}} || diaeresis || U+0308 || rising-creaky tone
| 2 || {{done|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone
|-
|-
| 4 || {{tone|4}} || {{t|ả}} || hook above || U+0309 || falling tone
| 3 || {{done|3}} || {{t|ä}} || diaeresis || U+0308 || falling-glottal tone
|-
|-
| 5 || {{tone|5}} || {{t|â}} || circumflex accent || U+0302 || rising-falling tone
| 4 || {{done|4}} || {{t|â}} || circumflex || U+0302 || rising-falling tone
|-
| 6 || {{tone|6}} || {{t|à}} || grave accent || U+0300 || mid-falling tone
|-
| 7 || {{tone|7}} || {{t|ã}} || tilde || U+0303 || falling creaky tone
|}
|}


A Toaq text may choose ''not'' to mark the most common tone, {{tone|4}}, as a verb can never carry the neutral tone. This is called '''sparse tone marking style'''. This practice is acceptable in informal writing but is discouraged in educational materials.
=== Prefix marking ===
In addition, the underdot ({{t|ạ}}, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a [[prefix]], more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix [[raku]] (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, {{t|kı-}} + {{t|ne-}} + {{t|shı}} may be written as {{t|kınẹshı}} or {{t|kıne-shı}}; {{t|hao-}} + {{t|chuq}} = {{t|hạochuq}} or {{t|hao-chuq}}.
 
== See also ==
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/orthography/ ''Orthography''] in the [[Reference grammar]].
* [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics.
* [[Deranı]], the other, non-Latin writing system.
* [[Unicode]]


= See also =
[[Category:Writing systems]]
* [https://toaq.net/refgram/02/ "Symbols and sounds"] in the [[Reference grammar]].
* [[Vietoaq]], an ASCII-only Latin writing system.
* [[Hoelai]], the major non-Latin writing system.

Latest revision as of 18:02, 14 October 2024

Toaq is most commonly written using a modified Latin writing system, with diacritics on the vowels to mark tone.

Alphabet

The alphabet, in native order, is:

m b p f n d t z c s r l nh j ch sh ꝡ q g k ' h a u ı o e
/m/ /b/ /pʰ/ /f/ /n/ /d/ /tʰ/ /d͡z/ /t͡sʰ/ /s/ /ɾ/ /l/ /ɲ/ /d͡ʑ/ /t͡ɕʰ/ /ɕ/ /w~j/ /ŋ/ /ɡ/ /kʰ/ /ʔ/ /h/ /a/ /u/ /i/ /o/ /ɛ/

Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter ꝡ. The refgram suggests using v as a replacement. People also commonly use w or vy or y.

In semi-native order, the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way (b, c, ch, d…) while the vowels are still at the end, in a, u, ı, o, e order.

In non-native or Latin order, the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: a, b, c, ch, d…

The vowel ı is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.

Diacritics

Tone marking

The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel (a, u, ı, o, e) of a word to mark non-default tone on the whole word:

Nr. Mark On "a" Diacritic Unicode Tone name
1 falling tone a — — falling tone
2 rising tone á acute accent U+0301 rising tone
3 glottal tone ä diaeresis U+0308 falling-glottal tone
4 hiatus tone â circumflex U+0302 rising-falling tone

Prefix marking

In addition, the underdot (ạ, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a prefix, more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix raku (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, kı- + ne- + shı may be written as kınẹshı or kıne-shı; hao- + chuq = hạochuq or hao-chuq.

See also

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