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Underfilling: Difference between revisions
→In other (quasi-)logical languages: changed nazbi to klama :p
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== Other contexts == | == Other contexts == | ||
=== Determiners === | === Determiners === | ||
Even saying something like {{t|sá chuq}} invokes our theory of underfilling, as {{t|chuq}} does not have an object. So, does it mean "someone who eats it", or "someone who eats something"? Or does it simply involve the intransitive {{t|chuq}}<sub>1</sub>? | Even saying something like {{t|sá chuq}} invokes our theory of underfilling, as {{t|chuq}} does not have an object. So, does it mean "someone who eats it", or "someone who eats something"? Or does it simply involve the intransitive {{t|chuq}}<sub>1</sub>? For words with two slots, this can be solved by using [[Object incorporation|object incorporation]]. | ||
=== Subclauses === | === Subclauses === | ||
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{{Example|Laheq, ꝡä hạomoı jí, ꝡä jıq jí.|That I think, entails that I exist.}} | {{Example|Laheq, ꝡä hạomoı jí, ꝡä jıq jí.|That I think, entails that I exist.}} | ||
== In other (quasi-)logical languages == | |||
In Lojban, underfilling is extremely common and undisputably part of the language. Even the most elementary root words ("'''''gismu'''''") contain 4-5 object places, so you almost ''have'' to underfill in most cases, unless you don't want your sentences full of ''zo'e'' (explicit object place skipper). | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
|botpi | |||
|x1 is a bottle for x2 of material x3 with cap x4 | |||
|- | |||
|santa | |||
|x1 is an umbrella shielding x2 from x3, made of x4 supported by x5 | |||
|- | |||
|ckule | |||
|x1 is a school at x2, teaching x3 to x4, operated by x5 | |||
|- | |||
|jbena | |||
|x1 is born to parents x2 at time x3 and place x4 | |||
|- | |||
|klama | |||
|x1 goes to x2 from x3 via x4 transported by x5 | |||
|- | |||
|plipe | |||
|x1 jumps to x2 from x3 reaching height x4 propelled by x5 | |||
|} | |||
There are particles ''(fa fe fi fo fu'', all in word class '''FA''') that skip to a specific slot. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|+ | |||
|fa | |||
|fe | |||
|fi | |||
|fo | |||
|fu | |||
|- | |||
|1 | |||
|2 | |||
|3 | |||
|4 | |||
|5 | |||
|} | |||
Example: Let's assume there is a predicate ''klama'' that has 5 object places and you want to fill the 4th slot with ''Ѭ.'' Without the FA class particles you would have to say "''klama zo'e zo'e zo'e Ѭ''" which is just silly. You can use these particles to say "''klama fo Ѭ''" instead. | |||
In (New) Ithkuil, there is a case system that functions like object slots. The reference grammar just refers to them as case, even though you can say they are very close to being a weird kind of object slot. Underfilling is also always necessary to even speak the language, due to every verb technically being able to take 68 arguments (cases). | |||