Cheat sheet: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 19:12, 28 October 2023

Pronouns

jí = I
súq = you (sg.)
súna = you all (pl.)
nháo = he/she/they (sg.)
nhána = they (pl.)
úmo = I+you
íme = I+they
súho = you+they
áma = I+you+they
há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

hó = him/her/them (animate)
máq = it (inanimate)
hóq = it (abstract)
tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

jıbo = ___ is mine
suqbo = ___ is yours
maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

For example:

Kue jıbo ní. = "This is my book"
Heaq súq kúe jıbo. = "You carry my book"

Nature vocab

poq = ___ is a person
ocha = ___ is a human
nıaı = ___ is an animal
deo = ___ is a child
kato = ___ is a cat
kune = ___ is a dog
cıe = ___ is a fish
hoe = ___ is a sun
mıao = ___ is a moon
nao = ___ is water
haq = ___ is food
rua = ___ is a flower

Colors

reo = ___ has color ___
reocuaq = ___ is a color

kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq

All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".

Everyday vocab

maı = ___ loves ___
paı = ___ is a friend of ___
cho = ___ likes ___
chuq = ___ eats ___
pıe = ___ drinks ___
kuq = ___ says ___
keoı = ___ talks to ___
gı = ___ is good
huı = ___ is bad
de = ___ is beautiful
tı = ___ is at ___
nıe = ___ is inside ___
neo = ___ is on top of ___

Interjections

nho = yes
zı = no
jadı = hello
shadı = welcome
shaıdı = bye
kıjı = thanks
jıkı = my pleasure
kushe = sorry
ına = OK, understood
ınha = OK, I will
aja = yay!
jaga = congrats!
obe = oh
ua = wow
ıo = yeah, I agree
em = um…
â = aha!

Abstract vocab

toa = ___ is a word
zu = ___ is a language
muı = ___ is a meaning of ___

bọmuı = ___ means ___

toaq = ___ is Toaqic
dua = ___ knows ___
chı = ___ believes ___
mıu = ___ opines ___
gaı = ___ senses ___

kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
huogaı = ___ hears ___
shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
puaqgaı = ___ touches ___

sı = ___ pays attention to ___

kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.

Abstract vocab 2

kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
leo = ___ tries to do ___
tua = ___ makes ___ happen
shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
choq = ___ uses ___
ca = ___ causes ___
kuı = ___ is because ___
bu = "not" (before a verb)
le = ___ is likely
raı = ___ is something

Tenses

These go before verbs or aspects:

pu = past
naı = present
jıa = future

Aspects

These go before verbs:

tam = completely X-es (perfective)
chum = is X-ing (imperfective)
luı = has X-ed
za = has yet to X
hoaı = still
haı = already
hıq = just finished
fı = just about to
he = as a rule (gnomic)

Sentence structure

(Complementizer)	(Topic)	Body	(Illocution)
Ꝡa, (declarative)	háq bï,	cho nháo máq	da. (statement, optional)
Ma, (yes/no question)			móq? (question, optional)
Tıo, (degree question)			ba. (wish)
			nha. (promise)

Falling tone

Main verb.

Maı jí súq (da). = "I love you."

Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in . In the example below, only the word káto changes to . The remaining kuo is in .

Maı jí káto kuo da. = "I love the black cat."

Rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:

poq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"

ca = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"

If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the bo- prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.

ca => bọ́ca "the thing(s) that was caused"

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-#REDIRECT [[Cheat sheet/Gamma]]
+__NOTOC__
+<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; z-index: 10">
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+=== Pronouns ===
+* {{t|jí}} = I
+* {{t|súq}} = you (sg.)
+* {{t|súna}} = you all (pl.)
+* {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they (sg.)
+* {{t|nhána}} = they (pl.)
+* {{t|úmo}} = I+you
+* {{t|íme}} = I+they
+* {{t|súho}} = you+they
+* {{t|áma}} = I+you+they
+* {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small>
+These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]:
+* {{t|hó}} = him/her/them (animate)
+* {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate)
+* {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract)
+* {{t|tá}} = it (adjective)
+Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
+* {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine
+* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
+* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)
+For example:
+* {{t|Kue jıbo ní.}} = "This is my book"
+* {{t|Heaq súq kúe jıbo.}} = "You carry my book"
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+=== Nature vocab ===
+* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
+* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
+* {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal
+* {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child
+* {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat
+* {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog
+* {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish
+* {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun
+* {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon
+* {{t|nao}} = ___ is water
+* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
+* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
+<hr/>
+==== Colors ====
+* {{t|reo}} = ___ has color ___
+* {{t|reocuaq}} = ___ is a color
+<div>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fdd;             ">{{t|kıa  |___ is red   }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fed;             ">{{t|naraq|___ is orange}}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ffd;             ">{{t|lue  |___ is yellow}}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfd;             ">{{t|rıq  |___ is green }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfe;             ">{{t|kuao |___ is cyan  }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ddf;             ">{{t|mıo  |___ is blue  }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #edf;             ">{{t|loa  |___ is purple}}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fff;             ">{{t|bao  |___ is white }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #999;             ">{{t|ruı  |___ is gray  }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #333; color: #ddd;">{{t|kuo  |___ is black }}</span>
+<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #654; color: #ddd;">{{t|tıaq |___ is brown }}</span>
+</div>
+<small>All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".</small>
+</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+=== Everyday vocab ===
+* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
+* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
+* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
+* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
+* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
+* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___
+* {{t|keoı}} = ___ talks to ___
+* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
+* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
+* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful
+* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___
+* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
+* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+=== Interjections ===
+* {{t|nho}} = yes
+* {{t|zı}} = no
+* {{t|jadı}} = hello
+* {{t|shadı}} = welcome
+* {{t|shaıdı}} = bye
+* {{t|kıjı}} = thanks
+* {{t|jıkı}} = my pleasure
+* {{t|kushe}} = sorry
+* {{t|ına}} = OK, understood
+* {{t|ınha}} = OK, I will
+* {{t|aja}} = yay!
+* {{t|jaga}} = congrats!
+* {{t|obe}} = oh
+* {{t|ua}} = wow
+* {{t|ıo}} = yeah, I agree
+* {{t|em}} = um…
+* {{t|â}} = aha!
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+===Abstract vocab===
+*{{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
+*{{t|zu}} = ___ is a language
+*{{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
+<small>
+:*{{t|bọmuı}} = ___ means ___
+</small>
+*{{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
+*{{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
+*{{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
+*{{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
+*{{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
+<small>
+:*{{t|kaqgaı}} = ___ sees ___
+:*{{t|huogaı}} = ___ hears ___
+:*{{t|shıqgaı}} = ___ smells ___
+:*{{t|noqgaı}} = ___ tastes ___
+:*{{t|puaqgaı}} = ___ touches ___
+</small>
+*{{t|sı}} = ___ pays attention to ___
+<small>
+:*{{t|kaqsı}} = ___ looks at ___
+:*{{t|huosı}} = ___ listens to ___, etc.
+</small>
+</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+===Abstract vocab 2===
+*{{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
+*{{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
+*{{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
+*{{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
+*{{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___
+*{{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
+*{{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
+*{{t|bu}} = "not" (before a verb)
+*{{t|le}} = ___ is likely
+*{{t|raı}} = ___ is something
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+===Tenses===
+These go before verbs or aspects:
+*{{t|pu}} = past
+*{{t|naı}} = present
+*{{t|jıa}} = future
+===Aspects===
+These go before verbs:
+*{{t|tam}} = completely X-es (perfective)
+*{{t|chum}} = is X-ing (imperfective)
+*{{t|luı}} = has X-ed
+*{{t|za}} = has yet to X
+*{{t|hoaı}} = still
+*{{t|haı}} = already
+*{{t|hıq}} = just finished
+*{{t|fı}} = just about to
+*{{t|he}} = as a rule (gnomic)
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
+===Sentence structure===
+{| class="wikitable"
+!(Complementizer)!!(Topic)!!Body!!(Illocution)
+|-
+|{{t|Ꝡa,}} (declarative)
+| rowspan="4" |{{t|háq bï,}}
+| rowspan="4" |{{t|cho nháo máq}}
+|{{t|da.}} (statement, optional)
+|-
+|{{t|Ma,}} (yes/no question)
+|{{t|móq?}} (question, optional)
+|-
+|{{t|Tıo,}} (degree question)
+|{{t|ba.}} (wish)
+|-
+|
+|{{t|nha.}} (promise)
+|}
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+===Falling tone {{done|1}}===
+Main verb.
+*{{t|<u>Maı</u> jí súq (da).}} = "I love you."
+Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in {{Done|1}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|káto}} changes to {{Done|2}}. The remaining {{t|kuo}} is in {{Done|1}}.
+*{{t|Maı jí <u>káto kuo</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
+</div>
+<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
+=== Rising tone {{done|2}} ===
+Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:
+{{t|poq}} = ___ is a person => {{t|póq}} = "the person(s)"
+{{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___ => {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
+If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the {{t|bo-}} prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.
+{{t|ca}} => {{t|bọ́ca}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
+</div>
+</div>