Cheat sheet: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; z-index: 10">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
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* {{t|súna}} = you all (pl.)
* {{t|súna}} = you all (pl.)
* {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they (sg.)
* {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they (sg.)
* {{t|nháona}} = they (pl.)
* {{t|nhána}} = they (pl.)
* {{t|úmo}} = I+you
* {{t|úmo}} = I+you
* {{t|íme}} = I+they
* {{t|íme}} = I+they
* {{t|súho}} = I+you+they
* {{t|súho}} = you+they
* {{t|áma}} = I+you+they
* {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small>
* {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small>


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For example:
For example:
* {{t|Jıbo kúe ní (da).}} = "This is my book"
* {{t|Kue jıbo ní.}} = "This is my book"
* {{t|Bo súq kúe jıbo (da).}} = "You have my book"
* {{t|Heaq súq kúe jıbo.}} = "You carry my book"
</div>
</div>


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* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___
<small>
:* {{t|ceohıo}} = ___ says hi to ___
:* {{t|shaıhıo}} = ___ says bye to ___
</small>
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___
* {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___
* {{t|keoı}} = ___ talks to ___
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
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</div>
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Interjections ===
* {{t|nho}} = yes
* {{t|zı}} = no
* {{t|jadı}} = hello
* {{t|shadı}} = welcome
* {{t|shaıdı}} = bye
* {{t|kıjı}} = thanks
* {{t|jıkı}} = my pleasure
* {{t|kushe}} = sorry
* {{t|ına}} = OK, understood
* {{t|ınha}} = OK, I will
* {{t|aja}} = yay!
* {{t|jaga}} = congrats!
* {{t|obe}} = oh
* {{t|ua}} = wow
* {{t|ıo}} = yeah, I agree
* {{t|em}} = um…
* {{t|â}} = aha!
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
===Abstract vocab===
===Abstract vocab===
*{{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
*{{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
*{{t|zu}} = ___ is a language
*{{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
*{{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
<small>
<small>
:*{{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
:*{{t|bọmuı}} = ___ means ___
 
 
</small>
</small>
*{{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
*{{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
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*{{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
*{{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
*{{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
*{{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
*{{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
*{{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___
*{{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
*{{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
*{{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
*{{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
*{{t|bu}} = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
*{{t|bu}} = "not" (before a verb)
*{{t|le}} = ___ is likely
*{{t|le}} = ___ is likely
*{{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
*{{t|raı}} = ___ is something
*{{t|raı}} = ___ is something
*{{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
</div>
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
===Tenses and aspects===
===Tenses===
*{{t|pu}} = ___ happened
These go before verbs or aspects:
*{{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
*{{t|pu}} = past
*{{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
*{{t|naı}} = present
*{{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
*{{t|jıa}} = future
*{{t|chum}} = ___ is happening
===Aspects===
*{{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
These go before verbs:
*{{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
*{{t|tam}} = completely X-es (perfective)
*{{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
*{{t|chum}} = is X-ing (imperfective)
*{{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
*{{t|luı}} = has X-ed
*{{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
*{{t|za}} = has yet to X
*{{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
*{{t|hoaı}} = still
*{{t|haı}} = already
*{{t|hıq}} = just finished
*{{t|fı}} = just about to
*{{t|he}} = as a rule (gnomic)
</div>
</div>


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===Sentence structure===
===Sentence structure===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!(Complementizer<br>or conjunction)!!(Topic)!!Body!!(Illocution)
!(Complementizer)!!(Topic)!!Body!!(Illocution)
|-
|-
|{{t|{{VY}}a,}} (declarative)
|{{t|Ꝡa,}} (declarative)
| rowspan="5" |{{t|háq bï,}}
| rowspan="4" |{{t|háq bï,}}
| rowspan="5" |{{t|gı máq jîe nháo}}
| rowspan="4" |{{t|cho nháo máq}}
|{{t|da.}} (statement, optional)
|{{t|da.}} (statement, optional)
|-
|-
|{{t|Keo,}} (But,)
|{{t|Ma,}} (yes/no question)
|{{t|móq?}} (question, optional)
|{{t|móq?}} (question, optional)
|-
|-
|{{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
|{{t|Tıo,}} (degree question)
|{{t|ba.}} (wish)
|{{t|ba.}} (wish)
|-
|-
|{{T|Ma}} (yes/no question)
|
|{{t|nha.}} (promise)
|{{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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*{{t|<u>Maı</u> jí súq (da).}} = "I love you."
*{{t|<u>Maı</u> jí súq (da).}} = "I love you."
Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in {{Done|1}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|káto}} changes to {{Done|2}}. The remaining {{t|kuo}} is in {{Done|1}}.
Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in {{Done|1}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|káto}} changes to {{Done|2}}. The remaining {{t|kuo}} is in {{Done|1}}.
*{{t|Maı jí <u>káto kuo</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."</div>
*{{t|Maı jí <u>káto kuo</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
</div>
 
 
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Rising tone {{done|2}} ===
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:
 
{{t|poq}} = ___ is a person => {{t|póq}} = "the person(s)"
 
{{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___ => {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
 
If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the {{t|bo-}} prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.
 
{{t|ca}} => {{t|bọ́ca}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
</div>
</div>
</div>

Latest revision as of 19:12, 28 October 2023

Pronouns

  • jí = I
  • súq = you (sg.)
  • súna = you all (pl.)
  • nháo = he/she/they (sg.)
  • nhána = they (pl.)
  • úmo = I+you
  • íme = I+they
  • súho = you+they
  • áma = I+you+they
  • há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

  • hó = him/her/them (animate)
  • máq = it (inanimate)
  • hóq = it (abstract)
  • tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

  • jıbo = ___ is mine
  • suqbo = ___ is yours
  • maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

For example:

  • Kue jıbo ní. = "This is my book"
  • Heaq súq kúe jıbo. = "You carry my book"

Nature vocab

  • poq = ___ is a person
  • ocha = ___ is a human
  • nıaı = ___ is an animal
  • deo = ___ is a child
  • kato = ___ is a cat
  • kune = ___ is a dog
  • cıe = ___ is a fish
  • hoe = ___ is a sun
  • mıao = ___ is a moon
  • nao = ___ is water
  • haq = ___ is food
  • rua = ___ is a flower

Colors

  • reo = ___ has color ___
  • reocuaq = ___ is a color

kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq

All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".

Everyday vocab

  • maı = ___ loves ___
  • paı = ___ is a friend of ___
  • cho = ___ likes ___
  • chuq = ___ eats ___
  • pıe = ___ drinks ___
  • kuq = ___ says ___
  • keoı = ___ talks to ___
  • gı = ___ is good
  • huı = ___ is bad
  • de = ___ is beautiful
  • tı = ___ is at ___
  • nıe = ___ is inside ___
  • neo = ___ is on top of ___

Interjections

  • nho = yes
  • zı = no
  • jadı = hello
  • shadı = welcome
  • shaıdı = bye
  • kıjı = thanks
  • jıkı = my pleasure
  • kushe = sorry
  • ına = OK, understood
  • ınha = OK, I will
  • aja = yay!
  • jaga = congrats!
  • obe = oh
  • ua = wow
  • ıo = yeah, I agree
  • em = um…
  • â = aha!

Abstract vocab

  • toa = ___ is a word
  • zu = ___ is a language
  • muı = ___ is a meaning of ___

  • bọmuı = ___ means ___

  • toaq = ___ is Toaqic
  • dua = ___ knows ___
  • chı = ___ believes ___
  • mıu = ___ opines ___
  • gaı = ___ senses ___

  • kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
  • huogaı = ___ hears ___
  • shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
  • noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
  • puaqgaı = ___ touches ___

  • sı = ___ pays attention to ___

  • kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
  • huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.

Abstract vocab 2

  • kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
  • leo = ___ tries to do ___
  • tua = ___ makes ___ happen
  • shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
  • choq = ___ uses ___
  • ca = ___ causes ___
  • kuı = ___ is because ___
  • bu = "not" (before a verb)
  • le = ___ is likely
  • raı = ___ is something

Tenses

These go before verbs or aspects:

  • pu = past
  • naı = present
  • jıa = future

Aspects

These go before verbs:

  • tam = completely X-es (perfective)
  • chum = is X-ing (imperfective)
  • luı = has X-ed
  • za = has yet to X
  • hoaı = still
  • haı = already
  • hıq = just finished
  • fı = just about to
  • he = as a rule (gnomic)

Sentence structure

(Complementizer) (Topic) Body (Illocution)
Ꝡa, (declarative) háq bï, cho nháo máq da. (statement, optional)
Ma, (yes/no question) móq? (question, optional)
Tıo, (degree question) ba. (wish)
nha. (promise)

Falling tone falling tone

Main verb.

  • Maı jí súq (da). = "I love you."

Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in falling tone. In the example below, only the word káto changes to rising tone. The remaining kuo is in falling tone.

  • Maı jí káto kuo da. = "I love the black cat."


Rising tone rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:

poq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"

ca = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"

If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the bo- prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.

ca => bọ́ca "the thing(s) that was caused"

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