Latin writing system: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 18:02, 14 October 2024

Toaq is most commonly written using a modified Latin writing system, with diacritics on the vowels to mark tone.

Alphabet

The alphabet, in native order, is:

m	b	p	f	n	d	t	z	c	s	r	l	nh	j	ch	sh	ꝡ	q	g	k	'	h	a	u	ı	o	e
/m/	/b/	/pʰ/	/f/	/n/	/d/	/tʰ/	/d͡z/	/t͡sʰ/	/s/	/ɾ/	/l/	/ɲ/	/d͡ʑ/	/t͡ɕʰ/	/ɕ/	/w~j/	/ŋ/	/ɡ/	/kʰ/	/ʔ/	/h/	/a/	/u/	/i/	/o/	/ɛ/

Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter ꝡ. The refgram suggests using v as a replacement. People also commonly use w or vy or y.

In semi-native order, the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way (b, c, ch, d…) while the vowels are still at the end, in a, u, ı, o, e order.

In non-native or Latin order, the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: a, b, c, ch, d…

The vowel ı is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.

Diacritics

Tone marking

The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel (a, u, ı, o, e) of a word to mark non-default tone on the whole word:

Nr.	On "a"	Diacritic	Unicode	Tone name
1	a	—	—	falling tone
2	á	acute accent	U+0301	rising tone
3	ä	diaeresis	U+0308	falling-glottal tone
4	â	circumflex	U+0302	rising-falling tone

Prefix marking

In addition, the underdot (ạ, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a prefix, more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix raku (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, kı- + ne- + shı may be written as kınẹshı or kıne-shı; hao- + chuq = hạochuq or hao-chuq.

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
-! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|ꝡ}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}} !! {{t|y}}
+! {{t|m}} !! {{t|b}} !! {{t|p}} !! {{t|f}} !! {{t|n}} !! {{t|d}} !! {{t|t}} !! {{t|z}} !! {{t|c}} !! {{t|s}} !! {{t|r}} !! {{t|l}} !! {{t|nh}} !! {{t|j}} !! {{t|ch}} !! {{t|sh}} !! {{t|ꝡ}} !! {{t|q}} !! {{t|g}} !! {{t|k}} !! {{t|'}} !! {{t|h}} !! {{t|a}} !! {{t|u}} !! {{t|ı}} !! {{t|o}} !! {{t|e}}
 |-
 | /m/ || /b/ || /pʰ/ || /f/ || /n/ || /d/ || /tʰ/ || /d͡z/ || /t͡sʰ/ || /s/ || /ɾ/ || /l/ || /ɲ/ || /d͡ʑ/ || /t͡ɕʰ/ || /ɕ/ || /w~j/ || /ŋ/ || /ɡ/ || /kʰ/ || /ʔ/ || /h/ || /a/ || /u/ || /i/ || /o/ || /ɛ/
 |}
+Not all fonts and keyboards have the letter {{t|ꝡ}}. The [[refgram]] suggests using {{t|v}} as a replacement. People also commonly use {{t|w}} or {{t|vy}} or {{t|y}}.
 In '''semi-native order''', the consonants are ordered in the Latin/Unicode way ({{t|b, c, ch, d…}}) while the vowels are still at the end, in {{t|a, u, ı, o, e}} order.
@@ Line 14: / Line 16: @@
 In '''non-native''' or '''Latin order''', the whole alphabet is ordered like the Latin alphabet: {{t|a, b, c, ch, d…}}
-The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot, to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.
+The vowel {{t|ı}} is written without its dot to avoid confusion with the tone diacritics listed below.
 == Diacritics ==
+=== Tone marking ===
 The following diacritics are placed on the first vowel ({{t|a, u, ı, o, e}}) of a word to mark non-default [[tone]] on the whole word:
@@ Line 22: / Line 26: @@
 ! Nr. !! Mark !! On "a" !! Diacritic !! Unicode !! Tone name
 |-
-| 1 || {{done|2}} || {{t|a}} || — || — || falling tone
+| 1 || {{done|1}} || {{t|a}} || — || — || falling tone
 |-
 | 2 || {{done|2}} || {{t|á}} || acute accent || U+0301 || rising tone
@@ Line 31: / Line 35: @@
 |}
-=== Sparse tone marking style ===
+=== Prefix marking ===
-Before [[Toaq Delta]], a Toaq text could have chosen ''not'' to mark the most common tone, {{tone|4}}. This was called '''sparse tone marking style'''.
+In addition, the underdot ({{t|ạ}}, U+0323) is used to mark the presence of a [[prefix]], more specifically the last in a run of prefixes if any are present. It may be replaced by the ASCII hyphen (-) in case the underdot isn’t available on your keyboard. While the underdot falls on the first vowel of the prefix [[raku]] (so where a tone mark would’ve gone), the hyphen should be placed between the last prefix and the word’s stem. For example, {{t|kı-}} + {{t|ne-}} + {{t|shı}} may be written as {{t|kınẹshı}} or {{t|kıne-shı}}; {{t|hao-}} + {{t|chuq}} = {{t|hạochuq}} or {{t|hao-chuq}}.
-A verb could never carry {{tone|8}}, so there would’ve been no confusion as long as the reader knew enough Toaq to tell particles from verbs. Therefore, this practice was acceptable in informal writing but discouraged in educational materials. This practice was made in connection with the theory that stated that {{tone|4}} was actually an inherent, or “default”, tone for verbs just as much as {{tone|8}} was for particles.
-[[Toaq Delta]] removed {{tone|8}} and the notion of a neutral tone altogether; {{done|1}}, although unmarked, is always understood as falling tone. Thus, one could say that with the introduction of the new four-[[tone]] system, sparse tone marking has become the standard, with both the phonology and the orthography backing it.
 == See also ==
-* [https://toaq.net/refgram/02/ "Symbols and sounds"] in the [[Reference grammar]].
+* [https://toaq.net/refgram/orthography/ ''Orthography''] in the [[Reference grammar]].
 * [[Input methods]] for writing Toaq's diacritics.
-* [[Hoelai]], the major non-Latin writing system.
+* [[Deranı]], the other, non-Latin writing system.
+* [[Unicode]]
+[[Category:Writing systems]]