Simple Focus: Difference between revisions
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'''Simple Focus''' is a proposed simplifying reform of how [[focus]] and [[focus particle]]s work in Toaq Delta. | '''Simple Focus''' is a proposed simplifying reform of how [[focus]] and [[focus particle]]s work in Toaq Delta. [[Hoemaı]] has said<ref>https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/311223912044167168/1206242053667819531</ref> it "looks entirely reasonable." | ||
== Official rules == | == Official rules == | ||
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== Proposed simplified rules == | == Proposed simplified rules == | ||
These rules are phrased in terms of {{t|kú}}, but they apply equally to any focus particle ({{t|béı, máo, tó, shúq…}}): | |||
# Attaching a focus prefix {{t|ku-}} to a single word ''always'' focuses just that word. | |||
# Placing a focus word {{t|kú}} before a head ''always'' focuses the whole [[phrase]] that it projects. | |||
** | #* That is: {{t|kú}} before a determiner (D) focuses the DP, {{t|kú}} before a complementizer (C) focuses the CP… | ||
#* Basically, this means {{t|kú <u>sá hao</u>}} and {{t|kú <u>râo níchaq</u>}} and {{t|kú <u>ꝡä nuo jí</u>}} focus that whole underlined constituent. | |||
# There is no tone-stealing. You'll never see {{t|kû}} or {{t|kü}} or {{t|ku}}. | |||
Examples | == Examples == | ||
{{Example|Chuq jí béı ké shamu.|(No,) it was '''''the apple''''' that I ate.<br><small>{{t|béı}} precedes a determiner {{t|ké}}, so the whole DP is focused.</small>}} | {{Example|Chuq jí béı ké shamu.|(No,) it was '''''the apple''''' that I ate.<br><small>{{t|béı}} precedes a determiner {{t|ké}}, so the whole DP is focused.</small>}} | ||
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{{Example|Chuq jí bẹ́ıshamu.|(No,) it was the '''''apple''''' that I ate.<br><small>Again, {{t|beı-}} is prefixed onto {{t|shamu}}. The result is wrapped in {{Done|2}}.</small>}} | {{Example|Chuq jí bẹ́ıshamu.|(No,) it was the '''''apple''''' that I ate.<br><small>Again, {{t|beı-}} is prefixed onto {{t|shamu}}. The result is wrapped in {{Done|2}}.</small>}} | ||
{{Example|Chuq jí bẹ́ıke shamu.|(No,) it was '''''the''''' apple that I ate.<br><small>{{t|beı-}} is prefixed onto {{t|ké}}, so just the determiner is focused (e.g. ''the'' apple as opposed to ''an'' apple).</small>}} | {{Example|Chuq jí bẹ́ıke shamu.|(No,) it was '''''the''''' apple that I ate.<br><small>{{t|beı-}} is prefixed onto {{t|ké}}, so just the determiner is focused<ref>To focus just the {{Done|2}} determiner, we can use its [[allomorph]] {{t|ló}}, giving {{t|bẹ́ılo}} ('''''the''''').</ref> (e.g. ''the'' apple as opposed to ''an'' apple).</small>}} | ||
{{Example|Leo kụrıatua jí héqma.|I'm trying to '''''open''''' the container.<br><small>{{t|ku-}} is prefixed onto {{t|rıatua}}, so just the verb is focused.</small>}} | {{Example|Leo kụrıatua jí héqma.|I'm trying to '''''open''''' the container.<br><small>{{t|ku-}} is prefixed onto {{t|rıatua}}, so just the verb is focused.</small>}} | ||
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{{Example|Dua nháo kú ꝡä chıeche jí.|(No,) she knows '''''that I'm a student'''''.<br><small>{{t|kú}} precedes the complementizer {{t|ꝡä}}, so the entire CP is focused.</small>}} | {{Example|Dua nháo kú ꝡä chıeche jí.|(No,) she knows '''''that I'm a student'''''.<br><small>{{t|kú}} precedes the complementizer {{t|ꝡä}}, so the entire CP is focused.</small>}} | ||
{{Example|Dua nháo kụ̈ꝡa chıeche jí.|(No,) she knows '''''that''''' I'm a student.<br><small>{{t|ku-}} is prefixed onto {{t|ꝡä}}, so just the complementizer is focused (e.g. ''that'' I'm a student as opposed to ''whether'' I am one).</small>}} | {{Example|Dua nháo kụ̈ꝡa chıeche jí.|(No,) she knows '''''that''''' I'm a student.<br><small>{{t|ku-}} is prefixed onto {{t|ꝡä}}<ref>Officially, words in {{Done|3}} can't have prefixes, so this last example needs something like the [[Prefix Reform]] to be pronounceable (and then it'd be spelled {{t|kuꝡä}}). However, it's also not a very realistic use-case; it's presented here only to clarify the rules. | ||
</ref>, so just the complementizer is focused (e.g. ''that'' I'm a student as opposed to ''whether'' I am one).</small>}} | |||
== What about V? == | == What about V? == | ||
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If we follow the rule about {{t|kú}} to its logical conclusion, we end up with {{t|kú verb}} meaning something a little surprising — it's probably unintuitive if you don't know Toaq [[syntax]]. | If we follow the rule about {{t|kú}} to its logical conclusion, we end up with {{t|kú verb}} meaning something a little surprising — it's probably unintuitive if you don't know Toaq [[syntax]]. | ||
If {{t|kú D}} (determiner) focuses a DP (determiner phrase), and {{t|kú C}} (complementizer) focuses a CP (complementizer phrase), then logically {{t|kú V}} (verb) focuses a VP (verb phrase), which is a combination of verb and object that's usually disjoint in [[Deep_structure_and_surface_structure|surface-level]] Toaq. | |||
{{Example|Leo kú <u>rıatua</u> jí <u>héqma</u>.|I'm trying to '''''open the container'''''.<br><small>{{t|kú}} precedes the verb {{t|rıatua}}, so the VP {{t|rıatua … héqma}} is focused.</small>}} | |||
[[Category: | It's good to have ''some'' interpretation for this placement, but it might be better to limit the placement of {{t|kú}} to only those heads/phrases that have more obvious boundaries. | ||
== Footnotes == | |||
[[Category:Proposals]] | |||
Latest revision as of 00:34, 2 May 2024
Simple Focus is a proposed simplifying reform of how focus and focus particles work in Toaq Delta. Hoemaı has said[1] it "looks entirely reasonable."
Official rules
| More on this in the refgram |
|---|
| Syntax: Focus |
Officially, focus particles "steal the tone" of heads they attach to:
(181) Chuq jí béı shamu.
(No,) it was the apple that I ate.
(183) kû rao kíachaq
on Monday
Does sentence (181) focus just "apple", or "the apple"? There is a paragraph saying
When attached to a head, the entire phrases projected by the head receives focus.
But then in this example, focus is attached to a V, and yet it isn't the whole VP that receives focus:
(182) Leo kụrıatua jí héqma.
I'm trying to open the container.
Proposed simplified rules
These rules are phrased in terms of kú, but they apply equally to any focus particle (béı, máo, tó, shúq…):
- Attaching a focus prefix ku- to a single word always focuses just that word.
- Placing a focus word kú before a head always focuses the whole phrase that it projects.
- That is: kú before a determiner (D) focuses the DP, kú before a complementizer (C) focuses the CP…
- Basically, this means kú sá hao and kú râo níchaq and kú ꝡä nuo jí focus that whole underlined constituent.
- There is no tone-stealing. You'll never see kû or kü or ku.
Examples
Chuq jí béı ké shamu.
(No,) it was the apple that I ate.
béı precedes a determiner ké, so the whole DP is focused.
Chuq jí ké bẹıshamu.
(No,) it was the apple that I ate.
beı- is prefixed onto shamu, so just that verb is focused.
Chuq jí bẹ́ıshamu.
(No,) it was the apple that I ate.
Again, beı- is prefixed onto shamu. The result is wrapped in.
Chuq jí bẹ́ıke shamu.
(No,) it was the apple that I ate.
beı- is prefixed onto ké, so just the determiner is focused[2] (e.g. the apple as opposed to an apple).
Leo kụrıatua jí héqma.
I'm trying to open the container.
ku- is prefixed onto rıatua, so just the verb is focused.
kú râo kíachaq
on Monday
kú precedes the Adjunct head, so the AdjunctP râo kíachaq is focused.
kụ̂rao kíachaq
on Monday
ku- is prefixed onto the verb rao, so just that verb is focused. The result is wrapped in
Dua nháo kú ꝡä chıeche jí.
(No,) she knows that I'm a student.
kú precedes the complementizer ꝡä, so the entire CP is focused.
Dua nháo kụ̈ꝡa chıeche jí.
(No,) she knows that I'm a student.
ku- is prefixed onto ꝡä[3], so just the complementizer is focused (e.g. that I'm a student as opposed to whether I am one).
What about V?
If we follow the rule about kú to its logical conclusion, we end up with kú verb meaning something a little surprising — it's probably unintuitive if you don't know Toaq syntax.
If kú D (determiner) focuses a DP (determiner phrase), and kú C (complementizer) focuses a CP (complementizer phrase), then logically kú V (verb) focuses a VP (verb phrase), which is a combination of verb and object that's usually disjoint in surface-level Toaq.
Leo kú rıatua jí héqma.
I'm trying to open the container.
kú precedes the verb rıatua, so the VP rıatua … héqma is focused.
It's good to have some interpretation for this placement, but it might be better to limit the placement of kú to only those heads/phrases that have more obvious boundaries.
Footnotes
- ↑ https://discord.com/channels/311223912044167168/311223912044167168/1206242053667819531
- ↑ To focus just the determiner, we can use its allomorph ló, giving bẹ́ılo (the).
- ↑ Officially, words in
can't have prefixes, so this last example needs something like the Prefix Reform to be pronounceable (and then it'd be spelled kuꝡä). However, it's also not a very realistic use-case; it's presented here only to clarify the rules.