Adverbial: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 08:56, 24 April 2024

An adverbial adjunct, or simply adverbial, is a phrase that adds more information to a clause. They are created by placing the hiatus tone on a verb. For example, 󱚷󱛌󱚹 󱚺󱛊󱛃󱛍󱚺󱛂 (tî sóaq) "in the garden" and 󱚴󱛌󱛃󱛎󱚹 (fôı) "boredly" are adverbials.

Sometimes these are just called adverbs. Technically, "adverbial (adjunct)" refers to an entire constituent like "in the garden" or "very quickly", and "adverb" to a single word like "quickly".

Types of adverbial

Syntactically, adverbials may or may not take a noun form complement, depending on if the verb is transitive or intransitive.

Tî is transitive, so it needs a complement — here sóaq — effectively making tî act like a preposition.
Fôı is intransitive, so it doesn't need a complement, making it act like an adverb.

Semantically, adverbials are split into two categories based on whether the verb being conjugated can have an event as its subject.

Tî can have an event subject, so it creates an eventive adverbial: Sea jí tî sóaq means "I rest, and this event is in the garden."
Fôı can't have an event subject, so it creates a subject-sharing adverbial: Sea jí fôı means "I rest, and concurrently I am bored."

Positions

Adverbials may occur in three positions:

Before the cleft verb nä, for example Tî sóaq nä pıe jí sá kafe.
Before the arguments, for example Pıe tî sóaq jí sá kafe.
After the arguments, for example Pıe jí sá kafe tî sóaq.

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-An '''adverbial''' is either a '''prepositional phrase''' or an '''adverb phrase'''.
+An '''adverbial adjunct''', or simply '''adverbial''', is a phrase that adds more information to a clause. They are created by placing the hiatus tone {{Done|4}} on a verb. For example, {{Deranize|tî sóaq}} "in the garden" and {{Deranize|fôı}} "boredly" are adverbials.
-* A prepositional phrase is a verb phrase in {{tone|6}}, followed by an argument:
+Sometimes these are just called '''adverbs'''. Technically, "adverbial (adjunct)" refers to an entire  constituent like "in the garden" or "very quickly", and "adverb" to a single word like "quickly".
-** For example: {{t|tì sóaq}} “in the garden” / {{t|shìu tîshaı súq cy}} “before you leave”.
-* An adverb phrase is a verb phrase in {{tone|7}}.
-** For example: {{t|hũıneq}} “unfortunately” / {{t|bũ}} “not”.
-== Type I and type II adverbials ==
+== Types of adverbial ==
-In both cases, the ([[serial]]) head of the verb phrase is called the '''head verb''' of the adverbial. For example, the head verb of {{t|bù tỉ sóaq}} is {{t|bu}}; the head verb of {{t|hũıneq}} is {{t|huıneq}}.
+Syntactically, adverbials may or may not take a [[noun form]] complement, depending on if the verb is transitive or intransitive.
+* {{t|Tî}} is transitive, so it needs a complement — here {{t|sóaq}} — effectively making {{t|tî}} act like a '''preposition'''.
+* {{t|Fôı}} is intransitive, so it doesn't need a complement, making it act like an '''adverb'''.
-The [[verb class]] of this head verb determines the '''type''' of an adverbial:
+Semantically, adverbials are split into two categories based on whether the verb being conjugated can have an event as its subject.
+* {{t|Tî}} '''can''' have an event subject, so it creates an '''eventive''' adverbial: {{t|Sea jí tî sóaq}} means "I rest, <u>and this event is</u> in the garden."
+* {{t|Fôı}} '''can't''' have an event subject, so it creates a '''subject-sharing''' adverbial: {{t|Sea jí fôı}} means "I rest, <u>and concurrently I am</u> bored."
-* If the verb is a “regular” verb, the adverbial is a '''type I adverbial'''.
+== Positions ==
-* But if the verb class is Tense, Aspect, Modality, or Negation, the adverbial is a '''type II adverbial'''.
+Adverbials may occur in three positions:
+# Before the [[cleft verb]] {{t|nä}}, for example {{t|{{green|Tî sóaq}} nä pıe jí sá kafe.}}
+# Before the arguments, for example {{t|Pıe {{green|tî sóaq}} jí sá kafe.}}
+# After the arguments, for example {{t|Pıe jí sá kafe {{green|tî sóaq}}.}}
-=== Type I adverbials ===
+== See also ==
-Type I adverbials a.k.a. '''low adverbials''' can occur in the [[prenex]], or before or after the arguments in a sentence. They simply “dress up” the sentence with more details:
+* [[Adverbs are low]]
+* [[Sentence structures]]
-<blockquote>{{t|<u>Shũı</u> bı, nỏaq <u>tì sóaq</u> jí sa kủe <u>lũq</u> <u>gùq hóe</u> da.}}<br><u>Secretly</u>, <u>in the garden</u> I read a book <u>calmly</u> <u>under the sun</u>.</blockquote>
-This sentence says that I read a book, and this happens secretly, and this happens calmly, and this happens in the garden, and this happens under the sun.
-It isn't permitted to place adverbials ''between'' the arguments, i.e. between {{t|jí}} and {{t|sa kủe}}.
-=== Type II adverbials ===
-Type II adverbials a.k.a. '''high adverbials''' can only occur (in the prenex or) at the end of a clause.
-They ''scope over'' the verbal complex and the post-field (i.e. over the “verb and arguments and Type I adverbials” that is rest of the sentence).
-Because they express ''tense, aspect, modality or negation'', type II adverbials have a meaning where they “wrap around” the sentence and can cause it to be un-asserted, rather than just adding more details.
-(That is to say: unlike with Type I adverbials, “'''maybe''' they're sick” does not mean “they're sick, and this is happening maybe.” We are not just dressing up the sentence with details: we are placing it in a new modality context.)
-The semantics of type II adverbials are governed by this wrapping behavior, as demonstrated in these examples:
-<blockquote>{{t|Rủao jí súq <u>bũ</u> da.}}<br>I forgive you <u>not</u>.</blockquote>
-This sentence says that <u>it's not the case that</u> I forgive you, i.e. {{t|bủ rûao jí súq}}.
-<blockquote>{{t|<u>Lẽ</u> bı bỉa nháo da.}}<br><u>Likely</u>, they are sick.</blockquote>
-This sentence says that <u>it's possible that</u> they are sick, i.e. {{t|lẻ bîa nháo}}.
-== Open questions ==
-* What are all the verb classes? Are there other Type II verb classes than TAMN?
-* Is the verb class of a serial verb really always determined by the verb class of its head? I think it is.
-* I write that adverbials can occur in the prenex, but is this really true? The [[refgram]] does not mention it but it is common usage.
-* What does {{t|Dãı dĩ bı bỉa jí lẽ bũ}} mean? I think it just means {{t|Dảı dî lê bû bîa jí}} but I'm not sure.