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: '''Preface.''' All living languages, constructed or natural, have a tendency to fluctuate organically. A conlang like Toaq is by its very nature [[wikipedia:prescriptive|prescribed]] by its author (see [[Reference grammar|reference grammar]]). While the inherent prescriptiveness of loglangs ([https://loglangs.wiki/Definitions_of_loglanghood whatever they are]) does mean that there will always be a discernible “barrier” between the official and the unofficial, this does not mean that the prescriptive standard cannot embrace features found within the community over time.
= Preface =
: Unofficial features may improve the language’s ergonomics by experimentation, and may eventually become adopted officially if they prove useful. Others may not gain traction, or be outright dismissed by the community or [[Hoemaı|the language's author]]. In Toaq, unlike some other loglang communities, rejected features typically die out rather than form discrete dialects used by paticular members. The creator of Toaq has himself put forth several proposals with the intention that the community test them, and even some of those have not stood the test of time.
: This page documents unofficial, experimental features of the language. Each particular feature is not elaborated upon beyond what is necessary to grasp the gist of it. This is not a discussion page nor a soapbox (try [[Discord]] instead), and is intended as a historical, at-a-glance document.
:: ''This compendium was partly extracted from and is intended to supersede ''An Experimental Catalogue of Experimental Features'' {{t|sỉebaq pỏ mí tỏaq ga lẻotue pö léotue}}, [[user:uakci|uakci]]<sup>[[user talk:uakci|talk]]</sup>, circa 2019, available in your local antique shop.''


All living languages, constructed or natural, have a tendency to fluctuate organically. A conlang like Toaq is by its very nature [[wikipedia:linguistic prescription|prescribed]] by its author (see [[Reference grammar|reference grammar]]). While the inherent prescriptiveness of loglangs ([https://loglangs.wiki/Definitions_of_loglanghood whatever they are]) does mean that there will always be a discernible “barrier” between the official and the unofficial, this does not mean that the prescriptive standard cannot embrace features found within the community over time.
Unofficial features may improve the language’s ergonomics by experimentation, and may eventually become adopted officially if they prove useful. Others may not gain traction, or be outright dismissed by the community or [[Hoemaı|the language's author]]. In Toaq, unlike some other loglang communities, rejected features typically die out rather than form discrete dialects used by paticular members. The creator of Toaq has himself put forth several proposals with the intention that the community test them, and even some of those have not stood the test of time.
This page documents unofficial, experimental features of the language. Each particular feature is not elaborated upon beyond what is necessary to grasp the gist of it. This is not a discussion page nor a soapbox (try [[Discord]] instead), and is intended as a historical, at-a-glance document.


<!-- --------- -->
= Live proposals =
= Live proposals =


Line 11: Line 10:


=== Redefinitions ===
=== Redefinitions ===
*; {{t|soq}}, {{t|suı}} officially ''{{x}} is the most [least] in property {{x}}''{{t|||#1MvFSwe-Fr}}{{t|||#yapw013t4Z}}
 
*:* ''{{x}} is the singular least [most] among the however many most ''[least]'' in property {{x}}'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]] et al.) – preserves the x₂ of the original definition by relying on the cardinality being expressed in the x₃. Convenient with left grouping (see [[#Serial predicate composition|below]]).
==== {{t|soq}}, {{t|suı}} ====
*:* ''{{x}} satisfies property {{x}} the most [least]'' (2022-01, [[uakci]]{{t|||#8FtyCn9fR|}}) – attributive, not predicative; {{t|suı}} is not an exact opposite of {{t|soq}} (as it is not alienans; use {{t|soq bủ}} appropriately)
officially ''{{x}} is the most [least] in property {{x}}''{{t|||#1MvFSwe-Fr}}{{t|||#yapw013t4Z}}
*:* ''{{x}}, among {{x}}, is the {{x}}-est'' ([[hoaqgıo]]{{t|||#yXBeLlHeW|}}) – convenient in serial usage. Will probably be the one replace the status quo given [[Frame#Table of serial frames|the serial verb simplification pending
* ''{{x}} is the singular least [most] among the however many most ''[least]'' in property {{x}}'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]] et al.) – preserves the x₂ of the original definition by relying on the cardinality being expressed in the x₃. Convenient with left grouping (see [[#Serial predicate composition|below]]).
*
* ''{{x}} satisfies property {{x}} the most [least]'' (2022-01, [[uakci]]{{t|||#8FtyCn9fR}}) – attributive, not predicative; {{t|suı}} is not an exact opposite of {{t|soq}} (as it is not alienans; use {{t|soq bủ}} appropriately)
*; {{t|ko}} officially ''{{x}} is N-th amongst {{x}}, where N = {{x}}, in property {{x}}''{{t|||#YYMrd1k62i}}
* ''{{x}}, among {{x}}, is the {{x}}-est'' ([[hoaqgıo]]{{t|||#yXBeLlHeW}}) – convenient in serial usage. Will probably be the one replace the status quo given [[Frame#Table of serial frames|the serial verb simplification pending
*:* ''{{x}} is {{x}}-th amongst {{x}}'' (2021, [[Hoemaı]], probably, given the new hard cap of 3 slots)
 
*:* ''{{x}} is the last amongst the {{x}} (number) most {{x}} (property).'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]]{{t|||#_s7CDnVtp|}})
==== {{t|ko}} ====
*
officially ''{{x}} is N-th amongst {{x}}, where N = {{x}}, in property {{x}}''{{t|||#YYMrd1k62i}}
*; {{t|mu}} officially ''{{x}} satisfies relation {{x}} with the slots swapped''{{t|||#5zQkF82U9w}}
* ''{{x}} is {{x}}-th amongst {{x}}'' (2021, [[Hoemaı]], probably, given the new hard cap of 3 slots)
*:* ''{{x}} satisfies the converse of relation {{x}}; {{x}} and {{x}} satisfy the converse of relation {{x}}'' (2021, [[Ntsékees]]{{t|||#BDcrdhZWs|}} et al.)
* ''{{x}} is the last amongst the {{x}} (number) most {{x}} (property).'' (2021-09, [[xorxes]]{{t|||#_s7CDnVtp}})
 
==== {{t|mu}} ====
officially ''{{x}} satisfies relation {{x}} with the slots swapped''{{t|||#5zQkF82U9w}}
* ''{{x}} satisfies the converse of relation {{x}}; {{x}} and {{x}} satisfy the converse of relation {{x}}'' (2021, [[Ntsékees]]{{t|||#BDcrdhZWs}} et al.)


=== Determiner-like predicates ===
=== Determiner-like predicates ===
Some of the above could be turned into [[determiner]]s, since they pass ''the {{t|tuq}} test'': (in older Toaq,) {{t|ke tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|sa tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|tu tủq hỏa}}, hence {{t|tuq}} is determiner-like (and has been turned into a determiner with the release of [[Toaq γ]]).
Some of the above could be turned into [[determiner]]s, since they pass ''the {{t|tuq}} test'': (in older Toaq,) {{t|ke tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|sa tủq hỏa}} ≡ {{t|tu tủq hỏa}}, hence {{t|tuq}} is determiner-like (and has been turned into a determiner with the release of [[Toaq γ]]).


*; {{t|cuaq}} officially ''{{x}} is the idea of satisfying property {{x}}''{{t|||#SDgMdMcddw}}
==== {{t|cuaq}} ====
*:* ''{{x}} is the property of satisfying property {{x}}.'' 2021-2022, [[uakci]] et al.
officially ''{{x}} is the idea of satisfying property {{x}}''{{t|||#SDgMdMcddw}}
*
* ''{{x}} is the property of satisfying property {{x}}.'' 2021-2022, [[uakci]] et al.
*; {{t|peı}} ''{{x}} is the number representing the cardinality of {{x}}''{{t|||#EW44Y4NoP|}}
 
==== {{t|peı}} ====
* ''{{x}} is the number representing the cardinality of {{x}}''{{t|||#EW44Y4NoP}}


=== Additions to the core vocabulary/lexicosemantics ===
=== Additions to the core vocabulary/lexicosemantics ===
* {{t|puoq||#f--unNNjd|}} ''{{x}} is for purpose {{x}}'' (2021-09-18, [[Seoqrea]])
==== {{t|puoq||#f--unNNjd}} ====
* {{t|sıy||#ONzdI-jV6|}}, {{t|fay||#spTVywkdY|}}: ''{{x}} is an event with {{x}} as its source [destination]'' (2021-10, [[uakci]])
''{{x}} is for purpose {{x}}'' (2021-09-18, [[User:Loekıa|Loekıa]])
==== {{t|sıy||#ONzdI-jV6}}, {{t|fay||#spTVywkdY}} ====
''{{x}} is an event with {{x}} as its source [destination]'' (2021-10, [[uakci]])


== Grammatical features ==
== Grammatical features ==


=== Particles extending existing classes ===
=== Particles extending existing classes ===
*; {{class|da|illocutions}}:
 
*:* {{t|kâ||#tObOJdaIg|}} – sloppy declarative illocution; does not require the speech act to be the direct cause of the proposition stated (2021-09-10, [[uakci]])
==== {{class|da|illocutions}} ====
*:* {{t|shôu||#YMaThxHA-|}} – offerative illocution (2022-02, [[seoqrea]])
===== {{t|kâ||#tObOJdaIg}} =====
*:* {{t|sou||#U6SM_6jVM|}} – non-literal, non-assertive, “consider this” illocution (2022-02-07, [[magı]]; previously {{t|so}} – 2021-09-27 [[uakci]])
sloppy declarative illocution; does not require the speech act to be the direct cause of the proposition stated (2021-09-10, [[uakci]])
*:* {{t|daha||#JYpK8cMJq|}}, {{t|moho||#CMa--GYOH|}} – humorous {{t|da, moq}} (2022-02-15, [[Ntsékees]])
===== {{t|shôu||#YMaThxHA-}} =====
*
offerative illocution (2022-02, [[User:Loekıa|Loekıa]])
*; {{class|ru|conjunctions}}:
===== {{t|sou||#U6SM_6jVM}} ====
*:* {{t|huq}} – ‘not X, but rather Y’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]]) – useful for corrections
non-literal, non-assertive, “consider this” illocution (2022-02-07, [[magı]]; previously {{t|so}}) (2021-09-27 [[uakci]])
*:* {{t|re}} – ‘iff’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]])
===== {{t|daha||#JYpK8cMJq}}, {{t|moho||#CMa--GYOH}} =====
*:* {{t|buru}} – ‘not X and Y’
humorous {{t|da, moq}} (2022-02-15, [[Ntsékees]])
*:* {{t|rubu}} – ‘X and not Y’ (2021)
 
*
==== {{class|ru|conjunctions}} ====
*; {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}}:
===== {{t|huq}} =====
*:* {{t|lo||#rT9pcYG57|}} – ''{{x}} is a repetition/instance of X''; {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}}-class equivalent of {{t|guo}} (2021-08-04; [[hoaqgıo]])
‘not X, but rather Y’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]]) – useful for corrections
*
===== {{t|re}} =====
*; {{class|bı|prenex terminator}}:
‘iff’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]])
*:* {{t|bıbı}}, {{t|bına}} – signal the beginning and end of the scope of a multi-sentence prenex (2018-03, [[Ntsékees]])
===== {{t|buru}}, {{t|rubu}} =====
*
‘not X and Y’, ‘X and not Y’ (2021)
*; {{class|la|complementizers}}:
 
*:* {{t|so||#XMTv7iECL|}} – signals non-polar question in forethought (2022-02, [[magı]])
==== {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}} ====
===== {{t|lo||#rT9pcYG57}} =====
''{{x}} is a repetition/instance of X''; {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}}-class equivalent of {{t|guo}} (2021-08-04; [[hoaqgıo]])
 
==== {{class|bı|prenex terminator}} ====
===== {{t|bıbı}}, {{t|bına}} =====
signal the beginning and end of the scope of a multi-sentence prenex (2018-03, [[Ntsékees]])
 
==== {{class|la|complementizers}} ====
===== {{t|so||#XMTv7iECL}} =====
signals non-polar question in forethought (2022-02, [[magı]])


=== Predicate-like particles; predicatizers ===
=== Predicate-like particles; predicatizers ===
*; {{t|poı}} (2017-10, originally proposed by [[Hoemaı]])
==== {{t|poı}} ====
*:* As a plain predicate: ''{{x}} is an event whose first-slot participant also satisfies property {{x}}''{{t|||#2487EMdnD|}}. Requires so-called [[structure-preserving propositions]] to function.
(2017-10, originally proposed by [[Hoemaı]])
*:* As a particle: {{t|pòı}} and {{t|põı}} used to be official particles until [?] happened.
As a plain predicate: ''{{x}} is an event whose first-slot participant also satisfies property {{x}}''{{t|||#2487EMdnD}}. Requires so-called [[structure-preserving propositions]] to function. As a particle: {{t|pòı}} and {{t|põı}} used to be official particles until [?] happened.
*
 
*; {{t|po}} ∈ {{class|mı|naming particles}} (2021-11, [[uakci]])
==== {{t|po}} in {{class|mı|naming particles}} ====
*: Make {{t|po}} accept all kinds of phrases – like {{t|mı, mıru}}, unlike {{t|mea, jeı}} – including prepositionals ({{t|po nèo tóqfua ga kủe}} ‘book on the table’) as well as elliptical “phrases” ({{t|chỉ jí pó bũ}} ‘I think not’).
(2021-11, [[uakci]])
Make {{t|po}} accept all kinds of phrases – like {{t|mı, mıru}}, unlike {{t|mea, jeı}} – including prepositionals ({{t|po nèo tóqfua ga kủe}} ‘book on the table’) as well as elliptical “phrases” ({{t|chỉ jí pó bũ}} ‘I think not’).


=== Serial predicate composition ===
=== Serial predicate composition ===
*; Head-initial composition (2019<ref group=ref name="xorxes-left-grouping"/>, spearheaded by [[xorxes]])
==== Head-initial composition ====
*: Define the serial composition relation ∘ as left-associative. This brings benefits in more complicated constructs where filling two slots one at a time is necessary.
(2019<ref group=ref name="xorxes-left-grouping"/>, spearheaded by [[xorxes]])
*
Define the serial composition relation ∘ as left-associative. This brings benefits in more complicated constructs where filling two slots one at a time is necessary.
*; Numeric predicate interactions (2018-03, various people, notably [[Ntsékees]], [[Seoqrea]], [[uakci]])
 
*: A restricted version of the above: define some predicates as numeral-consuming and group them tight with following numerals, e.g., {{t|((ko shỉ) pảq)}}.
==== Numeric predicate interactions ====
*:; See [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SKcQDRhTIaRXyPQO-5vt1TtmGyrleW3zAp8gebIs3vc/edit Ntsékees’ detailed document on Toaq number system proposals] for more.
(2018-03, various people, notably [[Ntsékees]], [[Loekıa]], [[uakci]])
A restricted version of the above: define some predicates as numeral-consuming and group them tight with following numerals, e.g., {{t|((ko shỉ) pảq)}}.
 
; <i>See [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SKcQDRhTIaRXyPQO-5vt1TtmGyrleW3zAp8gebIs3vc/edit Ntsékees’ detailed document on Toaq number system proposals] for more.</i>


=== New grammatical productions ===
=== New grammatical productions ===
*; Focus tag maker {{t|ku}} (2018-11, [[uakci]])
==== Focus tag maker {{t|ku}} ====
*: Originally {{t|meq}}; consumes a predicate to turn into a focus marker ({{class|ku|focus tag}} class – like {{t|ku, mao, tou, juaq}}).
(2018-11, [[uakci]])
*
Originally {{t|meq}}; consumes a predicate to turn into a focus marker ({{class|ku|focus tag}} class – like {{t|ku, mao, tou, juaq}}).
*; {{class|sâ|determiners}} in pre-complementizer position (2021-11-09, [[Lynn]])
 
*: {{class|sa|determiners}} may precede {{abbr|la|complementizers}} in a clause. Such determiners take {{tone|5}} in a content clause and {{tone|3}} in a relative clause. They quantify instances of an event – i.e., {{t|sâ pảı}} is ‘some friendship’, while {{t|bâq pảı}} is ‘instances of friendship in the abstract’.
==== {{class|sâ|determiners}} in pre-complementizer position ====
*: Canonically, {{t|bâq hảo}} is interpreted as the {{t|guo₂}} version of {{t|lâ hảo}}.
(2021-11-09, [[Lynn]])
{{class|sa|determiners}} may precede {{abbr|la|complementizers}} in a clause. Such determiners take {{tone|5}} in a content clause and {{tone|3}} in a relative clause. They quantify instances of an event – i.e., {{t|sâ pảı}} is ‘some friendship’, while {{t|bâq pảı}} is ‘instances of friendship in the abstract’. Canonically, {{t|bâq hảo}} is interpreted as the {{t|guo₂}} version of {{t|lâ hảo}}.
 
==== {{class|ju|sentence introducers}} {{class|ru|conjunctions}} ====
(2022-03, [[uakci]])
In contrast with {{class|ru|conjunctions}} {{class|ju|sentence introducers}}, which connect sentences, {{class|ju|sentence introducers}} {{class|ru|conjunctions}} are like regular {{class|ru|conjunctions}} but with {{class|ju|sentence introducers}} “flavour” – e.g., {{t|tıu ru}} ‘and thus’.


<!-- ------------- -->
= Accepted proposals =
= Accepted proposals =


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=== Particles extending existing classes ===
=== Particles extending existing classes ===


*; {{class|hu|vocatives}}:
==== {{class|hu|vocatives}} ====
*:* {{t|jıy||#AiF-mbYS8|}} – self-identification particle, ''I am {{x}}'', {{t|hu}}’s converse (2020-02-08, [[Hoemaı]] et al.)
===== {{t|jıy||#AiF-mbYS8}} =====
self-identification particle, ''I am {{x}}'', {{t|hu}}’s converse (2020-02-08, [[Hoemaı]] et al.)


<!-- --------- -->
= Dead proposals =
= Dead proposals =


Line 110: Line 135:


=== Particles extending existing classes ===
=== Particles extending existing classes ===
*; {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}}:
 
*:* {{t|deı||#i9fWapkku|}} – ''{{x}}, {{x}}, {{x}}… satisfy relation X''
==== {{class|po|object-incorporating particles}} ====
*:* {{t|loao||#irTpBtujm|}} – ''property {{x}} is satisfied by X'' (2019-02-18; [[hoaqgıo]])
===== {{t|deı||#i9fWapkku}} =====
*
''{{x}}, {{x}}, {{x}}… satisfy relation X''
*; {{class|mu}} (the no longer extant class of predicate modifiers)
===== {{t|loao||#irTpBtujm}} =====
*:* {{t|doı||#pTN8Ky42d|}} – forces the highest arity in a predicate (2018-11). Inactive by virtue of [[Hoemaı]]’s inclusion of {{t|doı|{{x}} respects {{x}}|#jdaIe8i6fU}}
''property {{x}} is satisfied by X'' (2019-02-18; [[hoaqgıo]])
*
 
*; {{class|hu|vocatives}}:
==== {{class|mu}} ====
*:* {{t|so}} – attitudinal particle – turns following phrase into an ad-hoc interjection, such as {{t|so jảı}} ‘yay!’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]])
(the no longer extant class of predicate modifiers)
*
===== {{t|doı||#pTN8Ky42d}} =====
*; {{class|da|illocutions}}:
forces the highest arity in a predicate (2018-11). Inactive by virtue of [[Hoemaı]]’s inclusion of {{t|doı|{{x}} respects {{x}}|#jdaIe8i6fU}}
*:* {{t|pa}} – signal that one’s part has been concluded (2021, [[uakci]])
 
==== {{class|hu|vocatives}} ====
===== {{t|so}} – attitudinal particle =====
turns following phrase into an ad-hoc interjection, such as {{t|so jảı}} ‘yay!’ (2018, [[Ntsékees]])
 
==== {{class|da|illocutions}} ====
===== {{t|pa}} =====
signal that one’s part has been concluded (2021, [[uakci]])


=== New grammatical productions ===
=== New grammatical productions ===
*; Conjunctivizer {{t|jıoı}} (2019-02-20, [[Ntsékees]])
==== Conjunctivizer {{t|jıoı}} ====
*: For any binary predicate phrase {{t|hảo}}, {{t|jıoı hảo ga}} constitutes a conjunction that feeds both “branches” of a sentence to {{t|hảo}}. Specifically, {{t|nủ shí jıoı hảo ga gú}} ≡ {{t|hảo nû shí cy nû gú}}.
(2019-02-20, [[Ntsékees]])
*
For any binary predicate phrase {{t|hảo}}, {{t|jıoı hảo ga}} constitutes a conjunction that feeds both “branches” of a sentence to {{t|hảo}}. Specifically, {{t|nủ shí jıoı hảo ga gú}} ≡ {{t|hảo nû shí cy nû gú}}.
*; {{class|raı|predicates}} {{class|go|place tags}} {{class|raı|predicates}} (2018-11, [[uakci]])
 
*: Redundant to the present-day [[genitival serial]] construction.
==== {{class|raı|predicates}} {{class|go|place tags}} {{class|raı|predicates}} ====
(2018-11, [[uakci]])
Redundant to the present-day [[genitival serial]] construction.


=== Make one thing work like another thing ===
=== Make one thing work like another thing ===
*; {{class|sa|predicates}} ⊂ {{class|raı|determiners}} (2019, [[uakci]])
==== {{class|sa|predicates}} in {{class|raı|determiners}} ====
*
(2019, [[uakci]])
*; {{t|hı, co}} ⊂ {{class|la|complementizers}} (2019-03, [[uakci]])
*
*; {{t|bı}} ∈ {{class|da|illocutions}} (2021, [[uakci]])
*: {{t|bı}} as an illocution would function as a general ‘offering up to discourse’ particle.


==== {{t|hı, co}} in {{class|la|complementizers}} ====
(2019-03, [[uakci]])
==== {{t|bı}} in {{class|da|illocutions}} ====
(2021, [[uakci]])
{{t|bı}} as an illocution would function as a general ‘offering up to discourse’ particle.
=== Serial predicate composition ===
=== Serial predicate composition ===
*; Predicate-consuming slots (2019-04, [[uakci]])
 
*: Certain verbs would subordinate entire predicates, consuming all of their places. Originally motivated by {{t|jane|{{x}} is the arity of predicate {{x}}|#SyvvCRFbE|}}.
==== Predicate-consuming slots ====
(2019-04, [[uakci]])
Certain verbs would subordinate entire predicates, consuming all of their places. Originally motivated by {{t|jane|{{x}} is the arity of predicate {{x}}|#SyvvCRFbE}}.


== Notes ==
== Notes ==

Latest revision as of 02:25, 19 December 2022

Preface

All living languages, constructed or natural, have a tendency to fluctuate organically. A conlang like Toaq is by its very nature prescribed by its author (see reference grammar). While the inherent prescriptiveness of loglangs (whatever they are) does mean that there will always be a discernible “barrier” between the official and the unofficial, this does not mean that the prescriptive standard cannot embrace features found within the community over time. Unofficial features may improve the language’s ergonomics by experimentation, and may eventually become adopted officially if they prove useful. Others may not gain traction, or be outright dismissed by the community or the language's author. In Toaq, unlike some other loglang communities, rejected features typically die out rather than form discrete dialects used by paticular members. The creator of Toaq has himself put forth several proposals with the intention that the community test them, and even some of those have not stood the test of time. This page documents unofficial, experimental features of the language. Each particular feature is not elaborated upon beyond what is necessary to grasp the gist of it. This is not a discussion page nor a soapbox (try Discord instead), and is intended as a historical, at-a-glance document.

Live proposals

Lexical features

Redefinitions

soq, suı

officially ___ is the most [least] in property ___

  • ___ is the singular least [most] among the however many most [least] in property ___ (2021-09, xorxes et al.) – preserves the x₂ of the original definition by relying on the cardinality being expressed in the x₃. Convenient with left grouping (see below).
  • ___ satisfies property ___ the most [least] (2022-01, uakci) – attributive, not predicative; suı is not an exact opposite of soq (as it is not alienans; use soq bủ appropriately)
  • ___, among ___, is the ___-est (hoaqgıo) – convenient in serial usage. Will probably be the one replace the status quo given [[Frame#Table of serial frames|the serial verb simplification pending

ko

officially ___ is N-th amongst ___, where N = ___, in property ___

  • ___ is ___-th amongst ___ (2021, Hoemaı, probably, given the new hard cap of 3 slots)
  • ___ is the last amongst the ___ (number) most ___ (property). (2021-09, xorxes)

mu

officially ___ satisfies relation ___ with the slots swapped

  • ___ satisfies the converse of relation ___; ___ and ___ satisfy the converse of relation ___ (2021, Ntsékees et al.)

Determiner-like predicates

Some of the above could be turned into determiners, since they pass the tuq test: (in older Toaq,) ke tủq hỏa ≡ sa tủq hỏa ≡ tu tủq hỏa, hence tuq is determiner-like (and has been turned into a determiner with the release of Toaq γ).

cuaq

officially ___ is the idea of satisfying property ___

  • ___ is the property of satisfying property ___. 2021-2022, uakci et al.

peı

  • ___ is the number representing the cardinality of ___

Additions to the core vocabulary/lexicosemantics

puoq

___ is for purpose ___ (2021-09-18, Loekıa)

sıy, fay

___ is an event with ___ as its source [destination] (2021-10, uakci)

Grammatical features

Particles extending existing classes

da

kâ

sloppy declarative illocution; does not require the speech act to be the direct cause of the proposition stated (2021-09-10, uakci)

shôu

offerative illocution (2022-02, Loekıa)

= sou

non-literal, non-assertive, “consider this” illocution (2022-02-07, magı; previously so) (2021-09-27 uakci)

daha, moho

humorous da, moq (2022-02-15, Ntsékees)

ru

huq

‘not X, but rather Y’ (2018, Ntsékees) – useful for corrections

re

‘iff’ (2018, Ntsékees)

buru, rubu

‘not X and Y’, ‘X and not Y’ (2021)

po

lo

___ is a repetition/instance of X; po-class equivalent of guo (2021-08-04; hoaqgıo)

bı

bıbı, bına

signal the beginning and end of the scope of a multi-sentence prenex (2018-03, Ntsékees)

la

so

signals non-polar question in forethought (2022-02, magı)

Predicate-like particles; predicatizers

poı

(2017-10, originally proposed by Hoemaı) As a plain predicate: ___ is an event whose first-slot participant also satisfies property ___. Requires so-called structure-preserving propositions to function. As a particle: pòı and põı used to be official particles until [?] happened.

po in mı

(2021-11, uakci) Make po accept all kinds of phrases – like mı, mıru, unlike mea, jeı – including prepositionals (po nèo tóqfua ga kủe ‘book on the table’) as well as elliptical “phrases” (chỉ jí pó bũ ‘I think not’).

Serial predicate composition

Head-initial composition

(2019[ref 1], spearheaded by xorxes) Define the serial composition relation ∘ as left-associative. This brings benefits in more complicated constructs where filling two slots one at a time is necessary.

Numeric predicate interactions

(2018-03, various people, notably Ntsékees, Loekıa, uakci) A restricted version of the above: define some predicates as numeral-consuming and group them tight with following numerals, e.g., ((ko shỉ) pảq).

See Ntsékees’ detailed document on Toaq number system proposals for more.

New grammatical productions

Focus tag maker ku

(2018-11, uakci) Originally meq; consumes a predicate to turn into a focus marker (ku class – like ku, mao, tou, juaq).

sâ in pre-complementizer position

(2021-11-09, Lynn) sa may precede complementizers in a clause. Such determiners take rising-falling tone in a content clause and rising-creaky tone in a relative clause. They quantify instances of an event – i.e., sâ pảı is ‘some friendship’, while bâq pảı is ‘instances of friendship in the abstract’. Canonically, bâq hảo is interpreted as the guo₂ version of lâ hảo.

ju ru

(2022-03, uakci) In contrast with ru ju, which connect sentences, ju ru are like regular ru but with ju “flavour” – e.g., tıu ru ‘and thus’.

Accepted proposals

Lexical features

Additions to core vocabulary

  • laı – sign, symbol.

Grammatical features

Particles extending existing classes

hu

jıy

self-identification particle, I am ___, hu’s converse (2020-02-08, Hoemaı et al.)

Dead proposals

Lexical features

Lexeme cemetery

  • chıq – bug.
  • loe – measure (now mıeq).

Grammatical features

Particles extending existing classes

po

deı

___, ___, ___… satisfy relation X

loao

property ___ is satisfied by X (2019-02-18; hoaqgıo)

mu

(the no longer extant class of predicate modifiers)

doı

forces the highest arity in a predicate (2018-11). Inactive by virtue of Hoemaı’s inclusion of doı

hu

so – attitudinal particle

turns following phrase into an ad-hoc interjection, such as so jảı ‘yay!’ (2018, Ntsékees)

da

pa

signal that one’s part has been concluded (2021, uakci)

New grammatical productions

Conjunctivizer jıoı

(2019-02-20, Ntsékees) For any binary predicate phrase hảo, jıoı hảo ga constitutes a conjunction that feeds both “branches” of a sentence to hảo. Specifically, nủ shí jıoı hảo ga gú ≡ hảo nû shí cy nû gú.

raı go raı

(2018-11, uakci) Redundant to the present-day genitival serial construction.

Make one thing work like another thing

sa in raı

(2019, uakci)

hı, co in la

(2019-03, uakci)

bı in da

(2021, uakci)

bı as an illocution would function as a general ‘offering up to discourse’ particle.

Serial predicate composition

Predicate-consuming slots

(2019-04, uakci) Certain verbs would subordinate entire predicates, consuming all of their places. Originally motivated by jane.

Notes


References

  1. ↑ Quoting from https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/08/miscellanea1:
    Lastly, serial predicates are right-grouping. I already know how this works in the grammar and it’s beautiful and simple and fits nicely among the other bits of this head-initial language. Left-grouping serials just don’t make sense to me (ko mi fraxu doi xy.).
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