Comparison of Lojban and Toaq: Difference between revisions

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! Toaq
! Toaq
|-
|-
| Stress segments words || [[Tones]] segment words
| Stress segments words || [[Tones]], stress, and vowel length segment words
|-
|-
| .i begins sentences|| [[Illocution]] marker ends sentence
| .i begins sentences|| [[Illocution]] marker ends sentence
|-
|-
| .i ku'i… / .i ta'o… || [[Sentence connector]]s: {{t|Keo…}} / {{t|Fou…}}
| Usually SVO: .i mi {{green|cusku}} ra do || VSO: {{t|{{green|Kuq}} jí hóq súq da.}}
|-
|-
| SVO: .i mi {{green|cusku}} ra do || VSO: {{t|{{green|Kủq}} jí hóq súq da.}}
| brivla, sumti, cmavo || [[Verb]], [[noun form]], [[particle]]
|-
|-
| brivla, sumti, cmavo || [[Verb]], [[noun phrase]], [[particle]]
| cnima'o: .ui .ua .ue || [[Interjection]]: {{t|aja, â, obe!}}
|-
|-
| cnima'o: .ui .ua .ue || [[Interjection]]: {{t|aja, â, obe!}}
| vocatives: coi ki'e || [[Interjection]]: {{t|jadı, kıjı!}}
|-
|-
| gismu || [[Root]]
| gismu || [[Root]]
|-
|-
| lujvo || Compound word
| lujvo || [[Compound word]]
|-
|-
| No equivalent, jvajvo-ish || [[Serial verb]]
| No equivalent, jvajvo-ish || [[Serial verb]]
|-
|-
| vocatives: coi ki'e || [[Interjection]]: {{t|jadı, kıjı!}}
| doi ''sumti'' || {{t|hóı}} ''NP''
|-
| doi + sumti || {{t|hu}} + NP
|-
|-
| zo .djan. cmene la .djan. || {{t|Chủa shú «Jảq» mí Jảq.}}
| zo .djan. cmene la .djan. || {{t|Chua shú «Jaq» mí Jaq.}}
|-
|-
| Singular logic and "xorlo" || [[Plural logic]]  
| Singular logic and "xorlo" || [[Plural logic]]  
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| su'o, ro, lo, le… || No equivalent, instead…
| su'o, ro, lo, le… || No equivalent, instead…
|-
|-
| [https://solpahi.wordpress.com/2016/09/25/a-simpler-quantifier-logic/ su'oi, ro'oi, ro'oi pa, ru'oi] || [[Determiner]]s: {{t|sa, tu, tushı, tuq}}
| [https://solpahi.wordpress.com/2016/09/25/a-simpler-quantifier-logic/ su'oi, ro'oi, ro'oi pa, ru'oi] || [[Determiner]]s: {{t|sá, tú, túq}}
|-
|-
| lo'au, ri'oi, [https://jbovlaste.lojban.org/dict/dau'u dau'u] || [[Determiner]]s: {{t|ke}}, {{t|hoı}}, {{Tone|2}}
| lo'au, ri'oi, [https://jbovlaste.lojban.org/dict/dau'u dau'u] || [[Determiner]]s: {{t|ké}}, {{t|hú}}, {{Done|2}}
|-
|-
| BY, ko'V, vo'V || [[Anaphoric pronoun]]s, {{Tone|2}}
| BY, ko'V, vo'V || [[Anaphoric pronoun]]s, {{Done|2}}
|-
|-
| No real equivalent, lo'e-ish || [[Kind]]s and {{t|baq}}
| No real equivalent, lo'e-ish || [[Kind]]s and {{t|báq}}
|-
|-
| prenex zo'u comment || [[Prenex]] {{t|bı}} comment
| prenex zo'u stmt || [[Topic]] {{t|bï}} comment, [[Cleft verb]] {{t|nä}}
|-
|-
<!-- ! colspan=2 | Clauses
<!-- ! colspan=2 | Clauses
|- -->
|- -->
| lo su'u … kei || [[Content clause]]: {{Tone|5}} … {{t|cy}}
| lo du'u … || [[Content clause]]: {{t|ꝡä}} …
|-
| lo nu … || [[Event]] accessor: {{t|é}} …
|-
|-
| lo ka … ce'u … kei || [[Property]]: {{Tone|5}} … ja … {{t|cy}}
| lo ka … ce'u … || [[Property]]: {{t|lä}} … já …
|-
|-
| poi … ke'a … ku'o || [[Relative clause]]: {{Tone|3}} … {{t|hóa}} … {{t|cy}}
| poi … ke'a … || [[Restrictive relative clause]]: {{t|wë}} … {{t|hóa}} …
|-
|-
| noi / [https://solpahi.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/noiha/ soi] … ku'o || [[Incidental clause]]: {{t|ju}} … {{t|da}}
| noi … ke'a … || [[Incidental relative clause]]: {{t|jü}} … {{t|hóa}} …
|-
|-
| lo poi'i … ke'a … kei || [[Free relative]]: {{t|lú}} … {{t|hóa}} … {{t|ky}}
| lo poi'i … ke'a … || [[Free relative]]: {{t|ꝡé}} … {{t|hóa}} …
|-
|-
<!--! colspan=2 | Adverbs
<!--! colspan=2 | Adverbs
|- -->
|- -->
| [https://solpahi.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/noiha/ noi'a, soi'a] || [[Adverbial]]s, namely:
| [https://solpahi.wordpress.com/2016/10/13/noiha/ noi'a] || [[Adverbial]]s {{Done|4}}, namely:
|-
|-
| — noi'a melbi || [[Adverb]]s: {{t|dẽ}} {{Tone|7}}
| — noi'a melbi || [[Adverb]]: {{t|dê}}
|-
|-
| — noi'a zvati be … || [[Preposition]]s: {{t|tì …}} {{Tone|6}}
| — noi'a zvati be lo purdi || [[Preposition]]: {{t|tî sóaq}}
|-
|-
| Speaker picks noi'a or soi'a || Verb ''is'' "Type I" or "Type II"
| noi'o'a fengu || [[Subject-sharing adverbial]]: {{t|fêı}}
|-
|-
| ja ji je jonai jo'u || {{t|ra rı ru ro roı}}
| ja ji je jonai jo'u || {{t|ra rı ru ro roı}}
|-
| ga … gi … || {{t|to ra … to …}}
|-
|-
| lu … li'u || {{t|mó … teo}}
| lu … li'u || {{t|mó … teo}}
|-
|-
| to … toi || {{t|(kıo … kı)}}
| to … toi || {{t|kïo … kı}}
|-
|-
| pareci [https://jbovlaste.lojban.org/dict/mei'i mei'i] || {{t|fue guheı saq}} (hundred two-ten three)
| pareci [https://jbovlaste.lojban.org/dict/mei'i mei'i] || {{t|fue guheı saq}} (hundred two-ten three)
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| gismu have max. 5 places || Roots have max. 3
| gismu have max. 5 places || Roots have max. 3
|-
|-
| se, te, ve, xe || se={{t|mu}}, but prefer [[Passivizer]]s
| se, te, ve, xe || [[Passivizer]]s
|-
|-
! colspan=2 | Absent in Toaq:
! colspan=2 | Absent in Toaq:
|-
|-
| rafsi || Compounds retain word forms
| rafsi || Compounds retain unabbreviated word forms
|-
|-
| zi'evla / fu'ivla || Not distinguished from [[root]]s
| zi'evla / fu'ivla || Not distinguished from [[root]]s
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|-
|-
| lerfu || No special grammar
| lerfu || No special grammar
|-
| ga … gi … || No forethought connectives
|-
|-
| zo'e, fV || Absent, must fill places in order
| zo'e, fV || Absent, must fill places in order

Latest revision as of 20:43, 6 December 2023

Comparison of Lojban and Toaq
Lojban Toaq
Stress segments words Tones, stress, and vowel length segment words
.i begins sentences Illocution marker ends sentence
Usually SVO: .i mi cusku ra do VSO: Kuq jí hóq súq da.
brivla, sumti, cmavo Verb, noun form, particle
cnima'o: .ui .ua .ue Interjection: aja, â, obe!
vocatives: coi ki'e Interjection: jadı, kıjı!
gismu Root
lujvo Compound word
No equivalent, jvajvo-ish Serial verb
doi sumti hóı NP
zo .djan. cmene la .djan. Chua shú «Jaq» mí Jaq.
Singular logic and "xorlo" Plural logic
su'o, ro, lo, le… No equivalent, instead…
su'oi, ro'oi, ro'oi pa, ru'oi Determiners: sá, tú, túq
lo'au, ri'oi, dau'u Determiners: ké, hú, rising tone
BY, ko'V, vo'V Anaphoric pronouns, rising tone
No real equivalent, lo'e-ish Kinds and báq
prenex zo'u stmt Topic bï comment, Cleft verb nä
lo du'u … Content clause: ꝡä …
lo nu … Event accessor: é …
lo ka … ce'u … Property: lä … já …
poi … ke'a … Restrictive relative clause: wë … hóa …
noi … ke'a … Incidental relative clause: jü … hóa …
lo poi'i … ke'a … Free relative: ꝡé … hóa …
noi'a Adverbials hiatus tone, namely:
— noi'a melbi Adverb: dê
— noi'a zvati be lo purdi Preposition: tî sóaq
noi'o'a fengu Subject-sharing adverbial: fêı
ja ji je jonai jo'u ra rı ru ro roı
lu … li'u mó … teo
to … toi kïo … kı
pareci mei'i fue guheı saq (hundred two-ten three)
gismu have max. 5 places Roots have max. 3
se, te, ve, xe Passivizers
Absent in Toaq:
rafsi Compounds retain unabbreviated word forms
zi'evla / fu'ivla Not distinguished from roots
tanru No equivalent. Use po or serials
mekso Use normal grammar or math notation
lerfu No special grammar
ga … gi … No forethought connectives
zo'e, fV Absent, must fill places in order
ka'e, na'o, pu, zi, na… Auxiliary verbs are just verbs
sumti tcita Use any verb as a preposition
lo'u, le'u, zoi See Foreign quotation
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