Pronoun: Difference between revisions

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Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
 
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[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
 
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* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) and for “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) vs. “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there different pronouns for “he/she/it” for animals, objects, and ideas. There are even different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
* '''[[Animacy]]''': there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.


<div style=display:inline-table>
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Exophoric pronouns
|+ Exophoric pronouns
|+  align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight: normal" | *Unofficial but popular
|-
|-
! Pronoun !! Meaning
! Pronoun !! Meaning
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| {{t|jí}} || I, me
| {{t|jí}} || I, me
|-
|-
| {{t|súq}} || you
| {{t|súq}} || you (singular)
|-
| {{t|súna}} || you (plural)
|-
| {{t|súho}} || you (you and they)
|-
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they (singular)
|-
|-
| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
| {{t|nhána}} || they (animate plural)
|-
|-
| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
| {{unofficial|{{t|kóm}}}} || it (inanimate)
|-
|-
| {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
| {{unofficial|{{t|ré}}}} || it (abstract)
|-
|-
| {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
| {{t|úmo}} || we (you and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
| {{t|íme}} || we (they and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
| {{t|áma}} || we (you, they, and I)
|-
|-
| {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
| {{t|há}} || one (people in general)
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
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|-
|-
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP)
| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|adjective-like]] DP)
|-
| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
|-
| {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
|-
| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
|-
| {{t|fúy}} || he/she/they/it (same referent as latest pronoun)
|-
| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
|-
|-
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
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* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans.
* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans.
* The subject (first argument) of a clause only binds the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it.
* The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it.
* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}).
** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}).

Latest revision as of 16:15, 30 May 2024

Toaq has relatively many pronouns. It makes distinctions that English does not:

  • Clusivity: there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
  • Exophora vs. anaphora: there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” (exophora) vs. “references to earlier phrases” (anaphora).
  • Animacy: there are different third-person pronouns for animals vs. objects vs. ideas. There are 4 different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
Exophoric pronouns
Pronoun Meaning
jí I, me
súq you (singular)
súna you (plural)
súho you (you and they)
nháo he, she, they (singular)
nhána they (animate plural)
Unofficial kóm it (inanimate)
Unofficial ré it (abstract)
úmo we (you and I)
íme we (they and I)
áma we (you, they, and I)
há one (people in general)
Anaphoric pronouns
Pronoun Meaning
hó he/she/they (latest grammatically animate DP)
máq it (latest grammatically inanimate DP)
hóq it (latest grammatically abstract DP)
tá it (latest adjective-like DP)
áq itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
chéq each other (reciprocal with clause subject)

Notes

  • All living animals have the pronoun nháo in Toaq, not just humans.
  • The subject (first argument) of a clause binds only the anaphoric pronoun áq, so you cannot use hó, máq, hóq… to refer to it.
  • For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing -bo to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
    • For example, suqbo means “yours” and tabo means “its” (belonging to the referent of tá).
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