Pronoun: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:45, 5 July 2022

Toaq has relatively many pronouns. It makes distinctions that English does not:

A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.

Clusivity: there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
Exophora vs. anaphora: there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” (exophora) and for “references to earlier phrases” (anaphora).
Animacy: there different pronouns for “he/she/it” for animals, objects, and ideas. There are even different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.

Exophoric pronouns in Toaq
Pronoun	Meaning
jí	I, me
súq	you
nháo	he, she, they
súo	y'all (you and they)
múy	we (you and I)
míy	we (they and I)
máy	we (you, they, and I)
kóu*	it (inanimate object)
ráy*	it (abstract)

Anaphoric pronouns in Toaq
Pronoun	Meaning
hó	he/she/they (latest class I animate determiner phrase)
máq	it (latest class II inanimate DP)
hóq	it (latest class III abstract DP)
tá	it (latest class IV adjective-like DP)
róu	it (latest content clause)
kúy	it (latest lu DP)
zé	it (latest object incorporating verb DP)
fúy	he/shey/they/it (latest non-fuy pronoun)
bóu	it (latest demonstrative noun phrase)
áq	itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
chéq	each other (reciprocal with clause subject)

Notes

All living animals have the pronoun nháo in Toaq, not just humans.
The subject (first argument) of a clause only binds the anaphoric pronoun áq, so you cannot use hó, máq, hóq… to refer to it.
For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing -bo to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
- For example, suqbo means “yours” and tabo means “its” (belonging to the referent of tá).

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== Personal pronouns (TODO) ==
+Toaq has relatively many '''pronouns'''. It makes distinctions that English does not:
-[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|500x500px|left]]
-== Anaphoric pronouns ==
+[[Image:jı, suq, nhao.png|A Venn diagram of personal pronouns.|thumb|300x300px|right]]
-See [[Animacy]].
+* '''Clusivity''': there are many words for “we” depending on who exactly is included.
+* '''Exophora vs. anaphora''': there are different pronouns for “things or people external to the text” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophora]) and for “references to earlier phrases” ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphora]).
+* '''[[Animacy]]''': there different pronouns for “he/she/it” for animals, objects, and ideas. There are even different anaphoric pronouns for different types of grammatical constructs.
+<div style=display:inline-table>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Exophoric pronouns in Toaq
+|+  align="bottom" style="caption-side: bottom; font-weight: normal" | *Unofficial but popular
+|-
+! Pronoun !! Meaning
+|-
+| {{t|jí}} || I, me
+|-
+| {{t|súq}} || you
+|-
+| {{t|nháo}} || he, she, they
+|-
+| {{t|súo}} || y'all (you and they)
+|-
+| {{t|múy}} || we (you and I)
+|-
+| {{t|míy}} || we (they and I)
+|-
+| {{t|máy}} || we (you, they, and I)
+|-
+| {{t|kóu}}* || it (inanimate object)
+|-
+| {{t|ráy}}* || it (abstract)
+|}
+</div>
+<div style=display:inline-table>
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+ Anaphoric pronouns in Toaq
+|-
+! Pronoun !! Meaning
+|-
+| {{t|hó}} || he/she/they (latest [[Animacy|class I animate]] determiner phrase)
+|-
+| {{t|máq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class II inanimate]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|hóq}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class III abstract]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|tá}} || it (latest [[Animacy|class IV adjective-like]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|róu}} || it (latest {{Tone|5}} [[content clause]])
+|-
+| {{t|kúy}} || it (latest {{t|lu}} DP)
+|-
+| {{t|zé}} || it (latest [[object incorporating verb]] DP)
+|-
+| {{t|fúy}} || he/shey/they/it (latest non-{{t|fuy}} pronoun)
+|-
+| {{t|bóu}} || it (latest [[demonstrative]] noun phrase)
+|-
+| {{t|áq}} || itself/himself/herself/themselves (clause subject)
+|-
+| {{t|chéq}} || each other (reciprocal with clause subject)
+|}
+</div>
+== Notes ==
+* All living animals have the pronoun {{t|nháo}} in Toaq, not just humans.
+* The subject (first argument) of a clause only binds the anaphoric pronoun {{t|áq}}, so you cannot use {{t|hó, máq, hóq…}} to refer to it.
+* For each pronoun, there's a verb crated by affixing {{t|-bo}} to it that means “___ is (that pronoun)'s”.
+** For example, {{t|suqbo}} means “yours” and {{t|tabo}} means “its” (belonging to the referent of {{t|tá}}).