Changes between Beta and Gamma: Difference between revisions

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Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:
Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:


* There are new consonants '''z''' /d͡z/ and '''nh''' /ɲ/. There is a new vowel '''y''' /ə/.
* Sounds and spelling:
* There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
** An [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ update] to the tones: the '''ǎ''' tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled '''ä'''. The '''ã''' tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".
* Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
** There are new consonants '''z''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate /d͡z/] and '''nh''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal /ɲ/]. There is a new vowel '''y''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_central_vowel /ə/].
* The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
** There are some new syllable endings, like '''uoı'''. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
* A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
** Syllables [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/25/on-the-sounds-of-toaq-phonology-update/ may start with an unwritten glottal stop], like '''elū''' (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: '''elū'āı'''.
* Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''. The meaning of the rising tone ('''ráı''') has changed a little bit. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ this blog post].
* Vocabulary:
* '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
** The interjections '''ha''', '''hıa''', '''hue''' are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: '''á''', '''è''', '''m̄'''.
* Adverbs like '''dẽ''' no longer wrap the whole sentence they're in. See [[Small Grammar Update]].
** A few common words have moved: '''toaq''' (language) is now '''zu'''. '''deoq''' (talk) is now '''koy'''. '''suo''' (broken) is now '''zuy'''.
* There is a rich new system of [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun classes].
* The [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/on-quantifiers-and-variables-grammar-update/ quantifiers update]:
* As part of this system, '''ho''' now always "anaphoric": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the sentence. The new "exophoric" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
** Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: '''sa rảı''' instead of '''sa ráı'''.
* '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before) and '''la''' (a new word) now covers some old uses of it. See official blog post [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
** '''sa kủnē''' binds a variable that may be referred back to using '''kúnē'''.
* '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''. See [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3].
** '''do''' (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.
** '''baq''' is now a quantifier. '''baq pỏq''' means "people", the [[kind]], rather than "a person" or "some people".
** '''hoı''' ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
* The [[Small Grammar Update]]:
** Adverbs no longer work like '''sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq'''. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like '''sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq''').
* The new [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/toaqs-pronominal-system/ pronoun system]:
** '''ho''' is now always "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) anaphoric]": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exophora exophoric]" third-person pronoun is '''nhao'''.
** '''ta''' is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like '''sa dẻ'''. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow '''fı go cu'''.
* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/09/miscellanea-2/ Miscellanea #2]:
** '''lu''' now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds '''hoa'''.
** '''la''' now starts a declaration the way '''ma''' starts a question. The fate of "old '''la'''" is undecided.
** Instead of '''lû''', say '''lâ''' now.
* [https://toaqlanguage.wordpress.com/2021/08/13/miscellanea-3/ Miscellanea #3]:
** '''ju''' takes a full sentence.
** '''lu''' is terminated by '''ky''', and relative/content clauses are terminated by '''cy'''.

Revision as of 14:14, 3 September 2021

Here is a quick overview of changes since the Public Beta version of Toaq on http://toaq.org/:

  • Sounds and spelling:
    • An update to the tones: the ǎ tone for relative clauses is now "rising glottal", and it is spelled ä. The ã tone for adverbs is now "falling glottal".
    • There are new consonants z /d͡z/ and nh /ɲ/. There is a new vowel y /ə/.
    • There are some new syllable endings, like uoı. They aren't fully set in stone yet.
    • Syllables may start with an unwritten glottal stop, like elū (elephant). Within a word it's written with an apostrophe: elū'āı.
  • Vocabulary:
    • The interjections ha, hıa, hue are gone. Future interjections will probably look like: á, è, m̄.
    • A few common words have moved: toaq (language) is now zu. deoq (talk) is now koy. suo (broken) is now zuy.
  • The quantifiers update:
    • Quantifiers now precede a falling-tone predicate phrase: sa rảı instead of sa ráı.
    • sa kủnē binds a variable that may be referred back to using kúnē.
    • do (the special variable name word) is no longer used, because every word can act like a variable name.
    • baq is now a quantifier. baq pỏq means "people", the kind, rather than "a person" or "some people".
    • hoı ("the aforementioned…") is now a quantifier.
  • The Small Grammar Update:
    • Adverbs no longer work like sủaq dẽ = dẻ sûaq. Instead they just embellish the assertion (like sủaq, na ru dẻ hôq).
  • The new pronoun system:
    • ho is now always "anaphoric": it refers to someone mentioned earlier in the text. The new "exophoric" third-person pronoun is nhao.
    • ta is now a pronoun referring to adjectival descriptions like sa dẻ. There's no new 4th-slot tag to follow fı go cu.
  • Miscellanea #2:
    • lu now works the same in every tone (it didn't quite before), and always binds hoa.
    • la now starts a declaration the way ma starts a question. The fate of "old la" is undecided.
    • Instead of lû, say lâ now.
  • Miscellanea #3:
    • ju takes a full sentence.
    • lu is terminated by ky, and relative/content clauses are terminated by cy.
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