Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions

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(added po. (ik theres another use with stuff like shao and stuff that would require a verb otherwise, but i cant remember rn.. and i cant check b/c at school))
(Try a flex layout)
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== Vocab ==
__NOTOC__
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* {{t|jí}} = me
* {{t|jí}} = me
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* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)
</div>


=== Everyday vocab ===
<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Nature vocab ===
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
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* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
<br/>
</div><div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Everyday vocab ===
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
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* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
<br/>
</div><div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Abstract vocab ===
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
** {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
** {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
<br/>
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
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* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
<br/>
</div><div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Abstract vocab 2 ===
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
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* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
</div>
<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Tenses and aspects ===
=== Tenses and aspects ===
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
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* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
</div>
<div style="border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">


== Sentence structure ==
== Sentence structure ==
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| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
</div>


== Tones ==
<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:  
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:  
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{{t|cả}} => {{t|mú cả}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
{{t|cả}} => {{t|mú cả}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
</div>
<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
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*{{t|níaı mäı hóa jí cy}} = "the animal who loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı hóa jí cy}} = "the animal who loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí hóa cy}} = "the animal who I love (it)"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí hóa cy}} = "the animal who I love (it)"
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
Main verb.
Main verb.
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Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in {{tone|4}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|kúo}} changes to {{tone|2}}. The remaining {{t|kảto}} is in {{tone|4}}.
Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in {{tone|4}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|kúo}} changes to {{tone|2}}. The remaining {{t|kảto}} is in {{tone|4}}.
*{{t|Mải jí <u>kúo kảto</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
*{{t|Mải jí <u>kúo kảto</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
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*{{t|Dủa jí <u>ôcha jí cy</u> da.}} = "I know that I am human."
*{{t|Dủa jí <u>ôcha jí cy</u> da.}} = "I know that I am human."
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
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* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
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* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
== [[Determiner]]s ==
== [[Determiner]]s ==
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
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Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
== Conjunctions ==
== Conjunctions ==
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
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{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects:
{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects:
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree."
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree."
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
== Quotations and names ==
== Quotations and names ==


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{{t|mı}} is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. ({{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı". Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar.)
{{t|mı}} is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name. ({{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı". Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar.)
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
== Asking questions ==
== Asking questions ==


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| colspan="6" |"Where are you?"
| colspan="6" |"Where are you?"
|}
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉsha}}
|{{t|Tỉsha}}
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| colspan="6" |"When did you arrive?"  
| colspan="6" |"When did you arrive?"  
|}
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Pủ}}
|{{t|Pủ}}
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| colspan="7" |"Who ate this?"  
| colspan="7" |"Who ate this?"  
|}
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tảo}}
|{{t|Tảo}}
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| colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?"
| colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?"
|}
|}
</div>


<div style="max-width: 260px; border: 1px solid #888888; margin: 5px; padding: 10px;">
== {{t|po}} ==
== {{t|po}} ==


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{{t|Nủi pó káto ga nỉoka.}} = "The cat's paws are tiny."
{{t|Nủi pó káto ga nỉoka.}} = "The cat's paws are tiny."
== Properties ==
</div>
ja in {{tone|5}}
</div>

Revision as of 19:29, 29 October 2022

Pronouns

  • jí = me
  • súq = you
  • nháo = him/her/them
  • múy = me+you
  • míy = me+them
  • máy = me+you+them
  • há = one (impersonal)

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

  • hó = him/her/them (animate)
  • máq = it (inanimate)
  • hóq = it (abstract)
  • tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

  • jıbo = ___ is mine
  • suqbo = ___ is yours
  • maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

Nature vocab

  • poq = ___ is a person
  • ocha = ___ is a human
  • nıaı = ___ is an animal
  • deo = ___ is a child
  • kato = ___ is a cat
  • kune = ___ is a dog
  • cıe = ___ is a fish
  • hoe = ___ is a sun
  • mıao = ___ is a moon
  • nao = ___ is water
  • haq = ___ is food
  • rua = ___ is a flower

Everyday vocab

  • maı = ___ loves ___
  • paı = ___ is a friend of ___
  • cho = ___ likes ___
  • hıo = ___ greets ___
  • chuq = ___ eats ___
  • pıe = ___ drinks ___
  • kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
  • koy = ___ talks to ___
  • gı = ___ is good
  • huı = ___ is bad
  • de = ___ is beautiful
  • kıa = ___ is red
  • mıo = ___ is blue
  • bao = ___ is white
  • kuo = ___ is black
  • tı = ___ is at ___
  • nıe = ___ is inside ___
  • neo = ___ is on top of ___

Abstract vocab

  • toa = ___ is a word
  • muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
    • muıbo / semıo = ___ means ___
  • toaq = ___ is Toaqic
  • dua = ___ knows ___
  • chı = ___ believes ___
  • mıu = ___ opines ___
  • gaı = ___ senses ___
  • kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
  • leo = ___ tries to do ___
  • tua = ___ makes ___ happen
  • shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
  • choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___

Abstract vocab 2

  • ca = ___ causes ___
  • kuı = ___ is because ___
  • bu = ___ is false
  • le = ___ is likely
  • daı = ___ is possible
  • raı = ___ is something
  • nı = ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

  • pu = ___ happened
  • naı = ___ happens now
  • jıa = ___ will happen
  • ceo = ___ starts to happen
  • chufaq = ___ is happening
  • shaı = ___ stops happening
  • shıu = ___ happens before ___
  • rao = ___ happens during ___
  • bıe = ___ happens after ___
  • nıqguo = ___ happens again
  • he = ___ is gnomically (generally) true

Sentence structure

(Connector) (Topic) Body (Illocution)
Je, (Well,) háq bı, gỉ máq jìe nháo da. (statement)
Keo, (However,) moq? (question)
Tıu, (So,) ba. (wish)
Nhu, (Anyway,) nha. (promise)

Rising tone rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:

pỏq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"

cả = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"

If a noun for the second slot is needed, use mú and the verb form of the word.

cả => mú cả "the thing(s) that was caused"

Rising-creaky tone rising-creaky tone

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

  • póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
  • níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
  • níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"

Falling tone falling tone

Main verb.

  • Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in falling tone. In the example below, only the word kúo changes to rising tone. The remaining kảto is in falling tone.

  • Mảı jí kúo kảto da. = "I love the black cat."

Peaking tone rising-falling tone

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

  • ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
  • Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
  • Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

Mid-falling tone mid-falling tone

A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.

It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • nèo míao = "on the moon"
  • Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
  • Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."

Falling creaky tone falling creaky tone

An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • dãı = "possibly"
  • Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."

Neutral tone neutral tone

Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.

Determiners

Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".

sa cỉe a/some fish
tu cỉe every fish
sıa cỉe no fish
ke cỉe the fish
baq cỉe fish (in general)
hı cỉe which fish?

Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…

Conjunctions

Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:

  • Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
  • Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
  • Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)

roı is special, and combines nouns it connects:

  • Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."

Quotations and names

Quotations start with mo and end with teo.

mı is placed before a name. If you are addressing someone, hu should be added before the name. (Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka = "Hello, Hoemaı". Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with lả or something similar.)

Asking questions

moq is the illocution for asking questions.

mả can be used to ask a yes/no question. (Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq? = "Are you Hoemaı?")

hı 'what, which', co 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. For example:

Tỉ súq hı rảı moq ?
at you which thing INT ?
"Where are you?"
Tỉsha súq rào hı moq ?
arrive you when which INT ?
"When did you arrive?"
Pủ chủq hı rảı ní moq ?
PST eat which thing this/that INT ?
"Who ate this?"
Tảo súq ní kùı hı moq ?
do you this/that because which INT ?
"Why did you do that?"

po

Used for showing possession, terminated by ga; "Pó [possessor] ga [possessee]"

Nủı pó káto ga nỉoka. = "The cat's paws are tiny."

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