Open problems in translation

This page gives a list of English sentences for which there is no widely accepted Toaq translation. The list is broken into three sections: sentences for which no translation is known at all, sentences for which translations are known but are impractically long or unacceptable for some other reason, and sentences which used to appear in one of these two categories but for which acceptable translations have since been found. Each unsolved sentence is accompanied by some discussion of the difficulty, possibly including some incomplete or not widely accepted solutions.

The existence or nonexistence of a solution is determined relative to official grammatical features of Toaq. Unofficial predicates are allowed, but sufficiently technical utility predicates should be considered grammatical features in spirit.

Sentences that have not been translated

"It's as though..."

"You keep insulting me, as though you think it will make me change my mind."

The hard part here is the "as though". What predicates are involved in an "as though X" construction?

"If I owned a unicorn, I would feed it"

Attempts:

• She hâqdoa jí tu shıtuaq bö jí hó, keo bo jí sıa hao da. has to be phrased much differently than the original (enough so that it might not even mean the right thing (?)), and is long.
• Baq guo sü kîaı jí sa shıtuaq bı, mu paq gúo hâqdoa jí shítuaq päqtao gúo da. demonstrates the seed of different kind of phrasing, but is very long and awkward as-is. The idea is to have a single mechanism that covers both "if a unicorn existed, it would have a horn" and "if an event of me having a unicorn existed, it would include me feeding it" with some mechanism for saying "X's have property Y" even when X's don't really exist, and then to make X "events of me having a unicorn" and Y the property "the haver of X gives food to the havee of X".

"Foxes are small to medium-sized creatures"

Attempts:

• Nuı rVV saotuao nıaı baq hupı da. requires a new conjunction rVV which produces the appropriate meaning when used in serials. It's unclear (to me, Hoaqgıo, as I write this) how the conjunction would work, because it doesn't seem like there's a meaning for it to have when joining two noun phrases, unless they both happen to be kinds.
• Rıe nuı roı saotuao nıaı baq hupı da. requires roı to be allowed in serials and for some mechanism to be put in place that gives it reasonable behavior, including correct behavior in this case.

Sentences that have not been translated well

"I know the names of many things."

This sentence is difficult to translate because the desired semantics are "There are many single X's for which I know the name of X", but "many single X's" is difficult to express in Toaq. There are basically two families of proposed solution: those which attempt to express these semantics precisely, and those which only approximate them and leave the details to context.

Precise translations:

• Sa puı tu shı mëa púı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da. This is a direct translation of the above semantics into official Toaq. It is much longer than the English and requires a fair bit of forethought.

• Sa puı bı, dua jí mû chua tu shı mea púı hı da. This is basically the same as the previous sentence, except that it allows tu to scope over hı in order to move the phrase tu shı mea púı inside the subordinate clause.

• Puy shı bı, dua jí chûa hı shí da. This is also a direct translation of the above semantics, but it relies on an unofficial quantifier puy meaning "many X's" to make the sentence much more succinct.

• Dua mu chua jí puy shı sa da. This is basically the same as the previous sentence except it uses a slightly different expression of the indirect question part of the sentence to make things even simpler.

• Shıjeo sa puı dûa chua jí sa ja da. This example uses a utility predicate shıjeo meaning "every individual among X satisfies Y" to avoid having to depart too far from "natural" plural logic usage.

• Chuadua jí sa puı da. This example uses the predicate chuadua to route around the distributivity issue. It is not clear how this would generalize to other similar examples (such as "I know the ages of many people").

• Puı tuyq düa jí chûa hóa hı da. Uses an unofficial quantifier tuyq which takes the union of all things satisfying a certain property. (Note that the union itself may not satisfy the property that its constituents do.)

• Dua jí tôıtuq chua hı sa puı da. should work, but requires an unnaturalistic turn of phrase.

Imprecise translations:

• Hıdua chua jí sa puı da. This solution assumes a nondistributive chua whose meaning would be something like "___ are collectively the names of ___". This solutions does not directly claim that I know which name is the name of which thing; that detail would be left for the audience to infer from context.

Solved sentences

No open problems have been solved since the creation of this page.