Conjunction: Difference between revisions
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A '''conjunction''' is a | A '''conjunction''' is a [[particle]] that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one. | ||
For example, {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t|roı}} “together with” are all conjunctions. | For example, {{t|ru}} “and”, {{t|ra}} “either/or”, and {{t|roı}} “together with” are all conjunctions. | ||
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=== On combining statements === | === On combining statements === | ||
To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun phrase]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone|2}} tone-conjugation of the verb phrase {{t|jỉ ru sẻa}}.) | To say “I work and you rest”, you might try {{t|Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq}}. But this is incorrect: {{t|jí ru sẻa}} is a [[noun phrase]] meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the {{tone|2}} tone-conjugation of the conjoined [[verb phrase]] {{t|jỉ ru sẻa}}.) | ||
Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t|na}} in front of the conjunction. | Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle {{t|na}} in front of the conjunction. | ||
Revision as of 19:28, 28 March 2022
A conjunction is a particle that combines two constituents (grammatical units) into one.
For example, ru “and”, ra “either/or”, and roı “together with” are all conjunctions.
Logical conjunctions
A logical conjunction is one that expands to some logical operation on the truth values you get when committing to either conjugand and parsing the rest of the clause.
For example, X ru Y is a logical conjunction, corresponding to a logical “AND” operation on the “X sentence” and the “Y sentence”: Bỏ jí ru nháo sa pỉano is interpreted as (Bỏ jí sa pỉano) & (Bỏ nháo sa pỉano).
The logical conjunctions are: ru “and”, ra “either/or”, ro “xor”, and rı “which one?”.
They can combine noun phrases, verb phrases, adverbials, prepositions, relative clauses, and statements: see the refgram.
On combining statements
To say “I work and you rest”, you might try Gủaı jí ru sẻa súq. But this is incorrect: jí ru sẻa is a noun phrase meaning “that which is me and rests”. (It's the 
tone-conjugation of the conjoined verb phrase jỉ ru sẻa.)
Statements are correctly combined by placing the statement-terminator particle na in front of the conjunction.
This particle used to see more uses that have been superseded by cy and ky, and now this is its only function.
Gủaı jí na ru sẻa súq da.
I work and you rest.
On adverbial scope
🚧 Does Bũ jỏe jí ru súq have a different meaning from Jỏe jí ru súq bũ? Mỉ mỉu says so:
Bũ jỏe jí ru súq.
It's not true that [I'm skilled and you're skilled].
Jỏe jí ru súq bũ.
I'm not skilled, and you're not skilled.
Non-logical conjunctions
A non-logical conjunction is one that combines two noun phrases into a new noun phrase, without such “logical expansion” semantics.
The only non-logical conjunction in standard Toaq is roı “together with”, which takes the plural logic “sum” of its conjugands.
Hỉe súq roı jí sa shỉ cẻa da.
You and I (together) carry a bag.
Compare:
Hỉe súq ru jí sa shỉ cẻa da.
You carry a bag, and I carry a bag.
Prefix usage
Instead of “X conjunction Y”, you can say “to conjunction X to Y”, which has the conjunction in front of both arguments, yielding a structure similar to “either X or Y” or “both X and Y” in English.
See also
- Coordination in the refgram.