Cheat sheet
Pronouns
- jí = I
- súq = you (sg.)
- súna = you all (pl.)
- nháo = he/she/they (sg.)
- nhána = they (pl.)
- úmo = I+you
- íme = I+they
- súho = you+they
- áma = I+you+they
- há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:
- hó = him/her/them (animate)
- máq = it (inanimate)
- hóq = it (abstract)
- tá = it (adjective)
Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:
- jıbo = ___ is mine
- suqbo = ___ is yours
- maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)
For example:
- Jıbo kúe ní (da). = "This is my book"
- Bo súq kúe jıbo (da). = "You have my book"
Nature vocab
- poq = ___ is a person
- ocha = ___ is a human
- nıaı = ___ is an animal
- deo = ___ is a child
- kato = ___ is a cat
- kune = ___ is a dog
- cıe = ___ is a fish
- hoe = ___ is a sun
- mıao = ___ is a moon
- nao = ___ is water
- haq = ___ is food
- rua = ___ is a flower
Colors
- reo = ___ has color ___
- reocuaq = ___ is a color
kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq
All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".
Everyday vocab
- maı = ___ loves ___
- paı = ___ is a friend of ___
- cho = ___ likes ___
- hıo = ___ greets ___
- shaıhıo = ___ says bye to ___
- chuq = ___ eats ___
- pıe = ___ drinks ___
- kuq = ___ says ___
- keoı = ___ talks to ___
- gı = ___ is good
- huı = ___ is bad
- de = ___ is beautiful
- tı = ___ is at ___
- nıe = ___ is inside ___
- neo = ___ is on top of ___
Abstract vocab
- toa = ___ is a word
- muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
- bọmuı = ___ means ___
- toaq = ___ is Toaqic
- dua = ___ knows ___
- chı = ___ believes ___
- mıu = ___ opines ___
- gaı = ___ senses ___
- kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
- huogaı = ___ hears ___
- shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
- noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
- puaqgaı = ___ touches ___
- sı = ___ pays attention to ___
- kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
- huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.
Abstract vocab 2
- kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
- leo = ___ tries to do ___
- tua = ___ makes ___ happen
- shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
- choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___
- ca = ___ causes ___
- kuı = ___ is because ___
- bu = "not" (before a verb)
- le = ___ is likely
- daı = ___ is possible
- raı = ___ is something
Tenses
These go before verbs and aspects:
- pu = past
- naı = present
- jıa = future
Aspects
These go before verbs:
- tam = completely X-es (perfective)
- chum = is X-ing (imperfective)
- luı = has X-ed
- za = has yet to X
- hoaı = still
- haı = already
- hıq = just finished
- fı = just about to
- he = as a rule (gnomic)
Sentence structure
| (Complementizer) | (Topic) | Body | (Illocution) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ꝡa, (declarative) | háq bï, | gı máq jîe nháo | da. (statement, optional) |
| Ma, (yes/no question) | móq? (question, optional) | ||
| Tıo, (degree question) | ba. (wish) | ||
| nha. (promise) |
Falling tone 
Main verb.
- Maı jí súq (da). = "I love you."
Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. If you have a noun phrase, adverb phrase, etc, only the first word "conjugates". The rest stays in . In the example below, only the word káto changes to 
. The remaining kuo is in .
- Maı jí káto kuo da. = "I love the black cat."
Rising tone
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:
poq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"
ca = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"
If a noun for the second slot is needed, use the bo- prefix and the verb form of the word. Note that the last prefix of every word is pronounced with a glottal stop in the middle.
ca => bọ́ca "the thing(s) that was caused"