Phonology

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Phonology

Toaq has a phonology featuring 22 consonant phonemes, five vowel phonemes, and four tones.

Syllables have the form (C)V(ŋ/m), but a more meaningful prosodic unit is the raku, which consists of one or two syllables in a CV(V)(ŋ/m) shape.

Consonants

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal	Variable
Nasal	m [m]	n [n]	nh [ɲ]	q [ŋ]
Plosive	p [pʰ]   b [b]	t [tʰ]   d [d]		k [kʰ]   g [g]	' [ʔ]
Affricate		c [t͡sʰ]   z [d͡z]	ch [t͡ɕʰ]   j [d͡ʑ]
Fricative	f [f]	s [s]	sh [ɕ]		h [h]
Tap		r [ɾ]
Lateral		l [l]
Approximant						ꝡ [w~j]

Raku endings

These are all the possible raku endings and their pronunciation. A raku consists of a consonant and one of these endings.

Toaq raku endings

V		VQ		F		VV		VVq		VVm		VF
Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA	Rime	IPA
a	/aː/	aq	/aŋ/	aı	/aj/	ua	/uː.a/	uaq	/uː.aŋ/	uam	/uː.am/	uaı	/uː.aj/
u	/uː/	uq	/ʊŋ/	ao	/aw/	uı	/uː.i/	uıq	/uː.ɪŋ/	uım	/uː.im/	uao	/uː.aw/
ı	/iː/	ıq	/ɪŋ/	eı	/ɛj/	uo	/uː.o/	uoq	/uː.ɔŋ/	uom	/uː.om/	ueı	/uː.ɛj/
o	/oː/	oq	/ɔŋ/	oı	/ɔj/	ue	/uː.ɛ/	ueq	/uː.ɛŋ/	uem	/uː.ɛm/	uoı	/uː.ɔj/
e	/ɛː/	eq	/ɛŋ/			ıa	/iː.a/	ıaq	/iː.aŋ/	ıam	/iː.am/	ıaı	/iː.aj/
		am	/aːm/			ıu	/iː.u/	ıuq	/iː.ʊŋ/	ıum	/iː.um/	ıao	/iː.aw/
		um	/uːm/			ıo	/iː.o/	ıoq	/iː.ɔŋ/	ıom	/iː.om/	ıeı	/iː.ɛj/
		ım	/iːm/			ıe	/iː.ɛ/	ıeq	/iː.ɛŋ/	ıem	/iː.ɛm/	ıoı	/iː.ɔj/
		om	/oːm/			oa	/oː.a/	oaq	/oː.aŋ/	oam	/oː.am/	oaı	/oː.aj/
		em	/ɛːm/			oe	/oː.ɛ/	oeq	/oː.ɛŋ/	oem	/oː.ɛm/	oao	/oː.aw/
						ea	/eː.a/	eaq	/eː.aŋ/	eam	/eː.am/	oeı	/oː.ɛj/
						eu	/eː.u/	euq	/eː.ʊŋ/	eum	/eː.um/	eaı	/eː.aj/
						eo	/eː.o/	eoq	/eː.ɔŋ/	eom	/eː.om/	eao	/eː.aw/
												eoı	/eː.ɔj/

Tones

Diacritic	Pronunciation (IPA)	Audio
◌ (falling)	[˥˩ ~ ˨˩]
◌́ (rising)	[˧˥ ~ ˨˩]
◌̈ (glottal)	[˨ʔ˩]
◌̂ (rising-falling)	[˧˥.˥˧ ~ ˨˩.˩˥]