Grammar overview

Sentence structure

Toaq word order is "verb, subject, object".

Verbs are in the falling tone . Pronouns are in the rising tone .

Guaı jí.
I work.

Dua jí hóq.
I know it.

Verbs can be preceded by tense, aspect, and polarity (negation) words.

Bu suao hóq.
It's not important.

Pu fı guaı jí.
I was about to work.

Clauses

You can start a subclause by saying certain particles in the glottal tone . There's ꝡä "that", mä "whether", tïo "to what degree" and more.

Dua jí, ꝡä guaı súq.
I know that you work.

Bu dua jí, mä meo súq.
I don't know whether you're sad.

Pu dua jí, tïo foı súq.
I knew how bored you were.

You can also use these particles in the falling tone in the main clause. Ꝡa doesn't change the meaning, but ma and tıo are how you ask questions.

In English it seems weird to have a "complementizer" in the main clause (*That I'll work.) but in Toaq it's fine.

Ꝡa guaı jí.
I work.

Ma meo súq?
Are you sad? (Whether you're sad?)

Tıo foı súq móq?
How bored are you?

Verbs and determiners

In Toaq, nouns and verbs and adjectives are all the same part of speech, called verbs.

Kato jí.
I am-a-cat.

Jara jí.
I run.

Nuı jí.
I am-small.

We can make noun phrases by combining a determiner (particle in ) with a verb. Determiners are words like: the, a, each, some…

sá kato
some that are-cats, i.e. some cat(s)

tú jara
each that runs, i.e. each runner

báq nuı
kind that is-small, i.e. small things (in general)

This always binds a "variable" that can be accessed by repeating the verb itself in the rising tone .

Dua tú poq, ꝡä suao póq.
Each person knows that they are important.

Saying "the"

You can put a verb in even when there was not a "binding" earlier in the sentence. This acts like saying "the" in English. The "binding" lives in the shared context or knowledge of the speaker and the listener.

Luaı póq.
The person is funny.

The determiner hú means "the/that", too, but explicitly means we're referring to something mentioned earlier.

Luaı hú poq.
That person (you or I mentioned) is funny.

The determiner ké means "the/this/that" when we're referring to something definite but not mentioned earlier.

Luaı ké poq.
(There's) this person (who) is funny.

hí and raı

We can ask questions using the determiner hí, which means "which?"

Chum chuq súq hí haq?
Which food are you eating?

The verb raı means "to be anything". To say "something, everything, what", use sá raı, tú raı, hí raı.

Chum chuq súq hí raı?
What are you eating? (Which anything are you eating?)

Gı tú raı.
Everything is good.