Phonology
Toaq has a phonology featuring 22 consonant phonemes, five vowel phonemes, and four tones.
Syllables have the form (C)V(ŋ/m), but a more meaningful prosodic unit is the raku, which consists of one or two syllables in a CV(V)(ŋ/m) shape.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Variable | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | nh [ɲ] | q [ŋ] | ||
| Plosive | p [pʰ] b [b] | t [tʰ] d [d] | k [kʰ] g [g] | ' [ʔ] | ||
| Affricate | c [t͡sʰ] z [d͡z] | ch [t͡ɕʰ] j [d͡ʑ] | ||||
| Fricative | f [f] | s [s] | sh [ɕ] | h [h] | ||
| Tap | r [ɾ] | |||||
| Lateral | l [l] | |||||
| Approximant | ꝡ [w~j] |
Raku endings
These are all the possible raku endings and their pronunciation. A raku consists of a consonant and one of these endings.
| V | VQ | F | VV | VVq | VVm | VF | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA | Rime | IPA |
| a | /aː/ | aq | /aŋ/ | aı | /aj/ | ua | /uː.a/ | uaq | /uː.aŋ/ | uam | /uː.am/ | uaı | /uː.aj/ |
| u | /uː/ | uq | /ʊŋ/ | ao | /aw/ | uı | /uː.i/ | uıq | /uː.ɪŋ/ | uım | /uː.im/ | uao | /uː.aw/ |
| ı | /iː/ | ıq | /ɪŋ/ | eı | /ɛj/ | uo | /uː.o/ | uoq | /uː.ɔŋ/ | uom | /uː.om/ | ueı | /uː.ɛj/ |
| o | /oː/ | oq | /ɔŋ/ | oı | /ɔj/ | ue | /uː.ɛ/ | ueq | /uː.ɛŋ/ | uem | /uː.ɛm/ | uoı | /uː.ɔj/ |
| e | /ɛː/ | eq | /ɛŋ/ | ıa | /iː.a/ | ıaq | /iː.aŋ/ | ıam | /iː.am/ | ıaı | /iː.aj/ | ||
| am | /aːm/ | ıu | /iː.u/ | ıuq | /iː.ʊŋ/ | ıum | /iː.um/ | ıao | /iː.aw/ | ||||
| um | /uːm/ | ıo | /iː.o/ | ıoq | /iː.ɔŋ/ | ıom | /iː.om/ | ıeı | /iː.ɛj/ | ||||
| ım | /iːm/ | ıe | /iː.ɛ/ | ıeq | /iː.ɛŋ/ | ıem | /iː.ɛm/ | ıoı | /iː.ɔj/ | ||||
| om | /oːm/ | oa | /oː.a/ | oaq | /oː.aŋ/ | oam | /oː.am/ | oaı | /oː.aj/ | ||||
| em | /ɛːm/ | oe | /oː.ɛ/ | oeq | /oː.ɛŋ/ | oem | /oː.ɛm/ | oao | /oː.aw/ | ||||
| ea | /eː.a/ | eaq | /eː.aŋ/ | eam | /eː.am/ | oeı | /oː.ɛj/ | ||||||
| eu | /eː.u/ | euq | /eː.ʊŋ/ | eum | /eː.um/ | eaı | /eː.aj/ | ||||||
| eo | /eː.o/ | eoq | /eː.ɔŋ/ | eom | /eː.om/ | eao | /eː.aw/ | ||||||
| eoı | /eː.ɔj/ | ||||||||||||
Tones
| Diacritic | Pronunciation (IPA) | Audio |
|---|---|---|
| ◌ (falling) | [˥˩ ~ ˨˩] | |
| ◌́ (rising) | [˧˥ ~ ˨˩] | |
| ◌̈ (glottal) | [˨ʔ˩] | |
| ◌̂ (rising-falling) | [˧˥.˥˧ ~ ˨˩.˩˥] |