Cheat sheet/Gamma

Vocab

Exophoric pronouns

• jı: ___ is me
• suq: ___ is you
• nhao: ___ is him/her/them
• muy: ___ is me+you
• mıy: ___ is me+them
• may: ___ is me+you+them
• ha: ___ is one (impersonal)

Anaphoric pronouns

• ho: ___ is them (refers back to an animate word)
• maq: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
• hoq: ___ is it (…abstract word)
• ta: ___ is it (…adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

• jıbo: ___ is mine
• suqbo: ___ is yours
• maqbo: ___ is its (inanimate)

Everyday vocab

• poq: ___ is a person
• ocha: ___ is a human
• nıaı: ___ is an animal
• deo: ___ is a child
• kato: ___ is a cat
• kune: ___ is a dog
• cıe: ___ is a fish
• hoe: ___ is a sun
• mıao: ___ is a moon
• nao: ___ is water
• haq: ___ is food
• rua: ___ is a flower

• maı: ___ loves ___
• paı: ___ is a friend of ___
• cho: ___ likes ___
• hıo: ___ greets ___
• chuq: ___ eats ___
• pıe: ___ drinks ___
• kuq: ___ says ___ to ___
• gı: ___ is good
• huı: ___ is bad
• kıa: ___ is red
• mıo: ___ is blue
• bao: ___ is white
• kuo: ___ is black
• tı: ___ is at ___
• nıe: ___ is inside ___
• neo: ___ is on top of ___

• toa: ___ is a word
• muı: ___ is a meaning of ___
• toaq: ___ is Toaqic

• dua: ___ knows ___
• chı: ___ believes ___
• mıu: ___ opines ___
• gaı: ___ senses ___
• kuaı: ___ longs to do ___
• leo: ___ tries to do ___
• tua: ___ makes ___ happen
• shao: ___ wants ___ to happen
• choq: ___ uses ___ to do ___

• ca: ___ causes ___
• kuı: ___ is because ___
• bu: ___ is false
• le: ___ is likely
• daı: ___ is possible
• raı: ___ is something
• nı: ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

• pu: ___ happened
• naı: ___ happens now
• jıa: ___ will happen
• ceo: ___ starts to happen
• chufaq: ___ is happening
• shaı: ___ stops happening
• shıu: ___ happens before ___
• rao: ___ happens during ___
• bıe: ___ happens after ___
• nıqguo: ___ happens again
• he: ___ is gnomically true

Sentence structure

Je	háq bı	gỉ máq jìe jí	da.
Connector	Topic	Body (required)	Illocution

• Connector: je (new topic), keo (but), tıu (so)…
• Topic: terms the sentence is about, then bı
• Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
• Illocution: da (statement), moq (question), ba (wish), nha (promise)…

Tones

Rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: póq "the person(s)", cá "the cause(s)"

Rising-creaky tone

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

• póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
• níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
• níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"

Falling tone

Main verb.

• Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Peaking tone

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

• ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
• Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
• Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

Determiners

sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi

Conjunctions

ru, ra, ro

Quotations and names

mo, teo, mi

Asking questions

ma, hi, ri, moq

Properties

ja in