Cheat sheet/Gamma

Vocab

Pronouns

• jí = me
• súq = you
• nháo = him/her/them
• múy = me+you
• míy = me+them
• máy = me+you+them
• há = one (impersonal)

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

• hó = him/her/them (animate)
• máq = it (inanimate)
• hóq = it (abstract)
• tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

• jıbo = ___ is mine
• suqbo = ___ is yours
• maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

Everyday vocab

• poq = ___ is a person
• ocha = ___ is a human
• nıaı = ___ is an animal
• deo = ___ is a child
• kato = ___ is a cat
• kune = ___ is a dog
• cıe = ___ is a fish
• hoe = ___ is a sun
• mıao = ___ is a moon
• nao = ___ is water
• haq = ___ is food
• rua = ___ is a flower

• maı = ___ loves ___
• paı = ___ is a friend of ___
• cho = ___ likes ___
• hıo = ___ greets ___
• chuq = ___ eats ___
• pıe = ___ drinks ___
• kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
• koy = ___ talks to ___
• gı = ___ is good
• huı = ___ is bad
• de = ___ is beautiful
• kıa = ___ is red
• mıo = ___ is blue
• bao = ___ is white
• kuo = ___ is black
• tı = ___ is at ___
• nıe = ___ is inside ___
• neo = ___ is on top of ___

• toa = ___ is a word
• muı = ___ is a meaning of ___
• toaq = ___ is Toaqic

• dua = ___ knows ___
• chı = ___ believes ___
• mıu = ___ opines ___
• gaı = ___ senses ___
• kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
• leo = ___ tries to do ___
• tua = ___ makes ___ happen
• shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
• choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___

• ca = ___ causes ___
• kuı = ___ is because ___
• bu = ___ is false
• le = ___ is likely
• daı = ___ is possible
• raı = ___ is something
• nı = ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

• pu = ___ happened
• naı = ___ happens now
• jıa = ___ will happen
• ceo = ___ starts to happen
• chufaq = ___ is happening
• shaı = ___ stops happening
• shıu = ___ happens before ___
• rao = ___ happens during ___
• bıe = ___ happens after ___
• nıqguo = ___ happens again
• he = ___ is gnomically true

Sentence structure

(Connector)	(Topic)	Body	(Illocution)
Je, (Well,)	háq bı,	gỉ máq jìe nháo	da. (statement)
Keo, (However,)			moq? (question)
Tıu, (So,)			ba. (wish)
Nhu, (Anyway,)			nha. (promise)

Tones

Rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: póq "the person(s)", cá "the cause(s)"

Rising-creaky tone

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

• póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
• níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
• níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal who I love (it)"

Falling tone

Main verb.

• Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Peaking tone

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

• ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
• Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
• Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

Mid-falling tone

A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.

It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

• nèo míao = "on the moon"
• Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
• Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."

Falling creaky tone

An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

• dãı = "possibly"
• Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."

Neutral tone

Used for function words like illocutions. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.

Determiners

Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".

sa cỉe	a/some fish
tu cỉe	every fish
sıa cỉe	no fish
ke cỉe	the fish
baq cỉe	fish
hı cỉe	which fish?

Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…

Conjunctions

• Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
• Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
• Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
• Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."

Quotations and names

mo, teo, mi

Asking questions

ma, hi, ri, moq

Properties

ja in