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Tone: Difference between revisions
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== Function of tones == | == Function of tones == | ||
Toaq has mostly '''grammatical tone''': when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example {{Derani| | Toaq has mostly '''grammatical tone''': when you change the tone of a word, its grammatical function changes (for example {{Derani||de}} “is beautiful” → {{Derani||dê}} “beautifully”). | ||
This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | This is in contrast to '''lexical tone''', like in Chinese: there, when you change the tone of a syllable, it becomes a different word (lexeme) entirely. For example 西 xı̄ “west” → 媳 xí “daughter-in-law”. | ||
Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to speech act particles: {{Derani| | Toaq has a ''little'' bit of lexical tone, too, limited to speech act particles: {{Derani||da}} and {{Derani||dâ}} are two different lexemes. | ||
== The four tones == | == The four tones == | ||
#The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{Derani| | #The '''falling tone''' {{done|1}} is used for verbs, predicatizers, and adjectives. ({{Derani||fa}} “goes”, {{Derani| |kúe gı}} “the good book”, {{Derani|— |… po káto}} “… of the cat”) | ||
#The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{Derani| | #The '''rising tone''' {{done|2}} is used for nouns, [[determiners]], and pronouns. ({{Derani||káto}} “the cat”, {{Derani| |sá kato}} “some cat(s)”, {{Derani||jí}} “I/me”) | ||
#The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{Derani| | #The '''low glottal tone''' {{done|3}} is used for complementizers and clause-initiating words. ({{Derani| |ꝡä gı}} “that it’s good”) | ||
#The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{Derani| | #The '''rising-falling tone''' {{done|4}} is for adverbial adjuncts. ({{Derani||fêı}} “angrily”, {{Derani| |nîe tíaı}} “inside the box”) | ||
=== Interaction with parts of speech === | === Interaction with parts of speech === | ||
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! [[Speech act particle]] | ! [[Speech act particle]] | ||
| colspan=4 | Lexical tone (i.e. {{Derani| | | colspan=4 | Lexical tone (i.e. {{Derani||da}} and {{Derani||dâ}} are simply different lexemes) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! [[Focus particle]] | ! [[Focus particle]] | ||