|
|
| Line 300: |
Line 300: |
| Marking number is never required. It is usually obvious (or not terribly important) whether something is one thing or more than one thing. When in doubt, read a bare noun as plural unless context suggests otherwise. | | Marking number is never required. It is usually obvious (or not terribly important) whether something is one thing or more than one thing. When in doubt, read a bare noun as plural unless context suggests otherwise. |
|
| |
|
| === What does it mean when a function word is written in all caps? / What function word classes are there? === | | === What's up with the letter {{t|q}} in this language? Pronunciation of {{t|q}} === |
| ✅ In discussions about Toaq grammar, a function word in all caps usually refers to a function word class. Function words that share the same grammar are grouped together in a class. This class is usually named after its most prominent member. For example, the words {{t|da, ba, ka and moq}} have the same grammar, and their class is named {{class|da}}. We say, for instance, that "{{t|móq}} is in {{class|da}}".
| | ✅ {{t|q}} is somewhat special and its pronunciation may not be immediately obvious. It is pronounced like English ⟨ng⟩ (IPA [ŋ]). The use of the letter Q is a nod to [https://loglangs.wiki/Ceqli Rex May’s Ceqli], an international auxiliary language with loglang elements; it’s also found in natural languages such as Fijian (where it represents [ᵑɡ], to be exact). |
|
| |
|
| Knowing these classes is useful, because once you have learned how to use one member of a class, you automatically know how to use every other member of the same class, too (syntactically speaking). If a sentence is grammatically correct with one member of a class, then substituting it with any other member of the same class will retain the same grammatical structure. The grammar does not distinguish between individual members of a class.
| | Unlike previous versions of Toaq, {{t|q}} does not have any allophonic variation - that is, it is always [ŋ] - because syllables may also end with {{t|m}}, which needs to stay distinct. |
| | |
| ; See article: [[Particle]]
| |
| | |
| These are the classes and their members:
| |
| {|
| |
| | {{class|da}} || {{t|da}}, {{t|ba}}, {{t|ka}}, {{t|móq}}, {{t|nha}}, {{t|ꝡó}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|sa}} || {{t|sá}}, {{t|sía}}, {{t|tú}}, {{t|túq}}, {{t|já}}, {{t|ké}}, {{t|hí}}, {{t|báq}}, {{t|hú}}, {{t|ní}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|ru}} || {{t|rú}}, {{t|rá}}, {{t|ró}}, {{t|rí}}, {{t|róı}}, {{t|kéo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|to}} || {{t|to}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|ꝡa}} || {{t|ꝡa}}, {{t|ma}}, {{t|tıo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|bı}} || {{t|bı}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|po}} || {{t|po}}, {{t|jeı}}, {{t|mea}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|ju}} || {{t|ju}}, {{t|la}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|ku}} || {{t|ku}}, {{t|beı}}, {{t|mao}}, {{t|tou}}, {{t|juaq}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|hu}} || {{t|hu}}, {{t|jıbı}}/{{t|jıy}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|kıo}} || ({{t|kıo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|kı}} || {{t|kı}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|mı}} || {{t|mı}}, {{t|mıru}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|mo}} || {{t|mo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|teo}} || {{t|teo}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|shu}} || {{t|shu}}
| |
| |-
| |
| | {{class|na}} || {{t|na}}
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| === What's up with the letter {{t|q}} in this language? Pronunciation / allophones of {{t|q}} ===
| |
| ✅ {{t|q}} is somewhat special and its pronunciation may not be immediately obvious. It is usually pronounced like English ⟨ng⟩ (IPA [ŋ]), but it has the optional allophones [n] and [m]. The use of the letter Q is a nod to [https://loglangs.wiki/Ceqli Rex May’s Ceqli], an international auxiliary language with loglang elements; it’s also found in natural languages such as Fijian (where it represents [ᵑɡ], to be exact).
| |
| | |
| The [n] and [m] allophones these rules:
| |
| * The default pronunciation is IPA [ŋ], and it keeps this pronunciation before {{t|m, f, n, s, r, l, nh, sh, g, k, ', h}}, and at the end of a breath group.
| |
| * Before {{t|d, t, z, c, j, ch}}, it is pronounced [n].
| |
| * Before {{t|b, p}}, it is pronounced [m].
| |
| Examples:
| |
| : {{t|kaqgaı}} → [kʰaŋ.gaɪ] ("to see")
| |
| : {{t|jaq de}} → [d͡ʑan.dɛ:] ("to be very beautiful")
| |
| : {{t|baq bego}} → [bam.bɛ.go] ("beech trees in general")
| |
| Again, these allophones are optional; it is acceptable to use [ŋ] in all positions.
| |
|
| |
|
| === What are the words for the days of the week and for the months? === | | === What are the words for the days of the week and for the months? === |