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Grammar overview: Difference between revisions
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<!-- Please don't add Derani to this page. It looks very overwhelming/distracting. I want this page to look light. I don't want beginners to worry about having to learn the script first. --> | <!-- | ||
Please don't add Derani to this page. It looks very overwhelming/distracting. I want this page to look light. I don't want beginners to worry about having to learn the script first. | |||
--> | |||
This page offers a point-by-point overview of Toaq's grammar. It can be used as a lightweight learning material, a cheat sheet, or a sort of guided tour through the language. | |||
== Before we start == | |||
* Make sure you've read about the [[phonology]] first. | |||
* Keep [[Toadua]] handy to look up words. | |||
* If you have any questions or suggestions, tell Laqme / ly2n on [[Discord]]. | |||
== Sentence structure == | == Sentence structure == | ||
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You can also use these particles in the falling tone {{Done|1}} in the main clause. {{t|Ꝡa}} doesn't change the meaning, but {{t|ma}} and {{t|tıo}} are how you ask questions. | You can also use these particles in the falling tone {{Done|1}} in the main clause. {{t|Ꝡa}} doesn't change the meaning, but {{t|ma}} and {{t|tıo}} are how you ask questions. | ||
{{Example|Ꝡa guaı jí.|I work.}} | {{Example|Ꝡa guaı jí.|I work.}} | ||
{{Example|Ma meo súq?|Are you sad? (Whether you're sad?)}} | {{Example|Ma meo súq?|Are you sad? (Whether you're sad?)}} | ||
{{Example|Tıo foı súq | {{Example|Tıo foı súq?|How bored are you?}} | ||
== Verbs and determiners == | == Verbs and determiners == | ||
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== Names and quotes == | == Names and quotes == | ||
To refer to words, use {{t|shú | To refer to words, use {{t|shú {{small caps|word}}}} or {{t|mó {{small caps|many words}} teo}}. | ||
{{Example|Cho jí shú ‹soaq›.|I like the-word "garden."}} | {{Example|Cho jí shú ‹soaq›.|I like the-word "garden."}} | ||
{{Example| | {{Example|Kuq jí mó « foı jí » teo.|I say the-words "I'm bored" (end).}} | ||
To refer to people and things by their name, use {{t|mí | To refer to people and things by their name, use {{t|mí {{small caps|word}}}} or {{t|mímo {{small caps|many words}} teo}}. | ||
{{Example|Pu geq jí mí Sara.|I met Sara.}} | {{Example|Pu geq jí mí Sara.|I met Sara.}} | ||
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| {{t|nha}} || promise | | {{t|nha}} || promise | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t|ba}} || wish | | {{t|ba}} || wish, command | ||
|- | |- | ||
| {{t|ka}} || "hereby..." | | {{t|ka}} || "hereby..." | ||
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A Toaq sentence can end with a '''speech act particle''' to indicate which it is. | A Toaq sentence can end with a '''speech act particle''' to indicate which it is. | ||
{{Example|Guaı jí nha.|I work [I promise]. / I'll | {{Example|Guaı jí nha.|I work [I promise]. / I'll work.}} | ||
{{Example|Sea súq doa.|You rest [I permit it]. / Feel free to rest.}} | {{Example|Sea súq doa.|You rest [I permit it]. / Feel free to rest.}} | ||
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* If there are any question words ({{t|ma}} or {{t|tıo}} or {{t|hí}}) in the main clause, it's a question ({{t|móq}}). | * If there are any question words ({{t|ma}} or {{t|tıo}} or {{t|hí}}) in the main clause, it's a question ({{t|móq}}). | ||
* Otherwise, it's a statement ({{t|da}}). | * Otherwise, it's a statement ({{t|da}}). | ||
== "To" and serial verbs == | |||
To make to-clauses, like "to speak Toaq" or "to create art", use {{t|lä}} and {{t|já}}. | |||
{{Example|Zudeq jí Tóaqzu.|I speak Toaq.}} | |||
{{Example|Chıe jí, {{green|lä zudeq já Tóaqzu}}.|I learn {{green|to speak Toaq}}.}} | |||
This {{t|lä}} is another subclause-starting word like {{t|ꝡä}}, meaning ''to''. | |||
There isn't really an English equivalent of {{t|já}}. You can think of it as a "hole" — it corresponds to the ''lack'' of a subject in English to-clauses. Instead of omitting the subject, in Toaq you say {{t|já}}. | |||
{{Example|Fıeq nháo báq lea.|She creates art.}} | |||
{{Example|Taoshao nháo, {{green|lä fıeq já báq lea}}.|She intends {{green|to create art}}.}} | |||
We can actually make '''serial verbs''', like "learn to speak" or "intend to create", to say the same things without {{t|lä}} or {{t|já}}. | |||
<blockquote>{{t|{{green|V₁}} S, {{green|lä V₂ já}} O}}<br>→ {{t|{{orange|V₁ V₂}} S O}}</blockquote> | |||
{{Example|{{orange|Chıe zudeq}} jí Tóaqzu.|I {{orange|learn-to-speak}} Toaq.}} | |||
{{Example|{{orange|Taoshao fıeq}} nháo báq lea.|She {{orange|intends-to-create}} art.}} | |||
Another serial verb pattern is as follows: | |||
<blockquote>{{t|{{green|V₁}} S₁, {{green|ꝡä V₂}} S₂ O}}<br>→ {{t|{{orange|V₁ V₂}} S₁ S₂ O}}</blockquote> | |||
{{Example|{{green|Shoe}} jí, {{green|ꝡä chuq súq}} báq keıke.<br>{{orange|Shoe chuq}} jí súq báq keıke.|I allow you to eat cake.}} | |||
See [[property]] and [[serial verb]] for more information. | |||