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Copula: Difference between revisions
More use cases
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In general, if you’ve got two [[definite]] [[noun|noun phrases]], you can conflate their identities like this. <i>The apple I ate is not the apple you ate</i> could be {{t|Bu jeı shámu bọchuq sûq shámu bọchuq jî}}. <i>This person <i>[I’m pointing at]</i> is Björk <i>[that artist you already know]</i></i> could be {{t|Jeı kú mí Björk ní poq}}. | In general, if you’ve got two [[definite]] [[noun|noun phrases]], you can conflate their identities like this. <i>The apple I ate is not the apple you ate</i> could be {{t|Bu jeı shámu bọchuq sûq shámu bọchuq jî}}. <i>This person <i>[I’m pointing at]</i> is Björk <i>[that artist you already know]</i></i> could be {{t|Jeı kú mí Björk ní poq}}. | ||
=== {{t|eq}} and {{t|ıq}} – the | === {{t|eq}} and {{t|ıq}} – the kind and predicate copulas === | ||
Let’s look at the definitions of the two: | Let’s look at the definitions of the two: | ||
; {{t|eq|}}: {{x}} is [an instance of] {{x}} (usually a kind). | ; {{t|eq|}}: {{x}} is [an instance of] {{x}} (usually a kind). | ||
; {{t|ıq|}}: {{x}} satisfies property {{x}}. | ; {{t|ıq|}}: {{x}} satisfies property {{x}}. | ||
The two are useful | |||
==== With pronouns ==== | |||
The two are useful when you’ve got a [[pronoun]] pointing at a [[kind]] or [[property]] and you’d like to apply it to something. For example, imagine your friend says | |||
<blockquote><poem> | <blockquote><poem> | ||
{{t|He leo gıtoı jí báq toıgı da.}} | {{t|He leo gıtoı jí báq toıgı da.}} | ||
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</poem></blockquote> | </poem></blockquote> | ||
And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | And then {{t|ıq}} works similarly, but with properties. So for instance, if you wanted to refer to a property as {{t|hú}} or {{t|hụ́la}}, then you’d use {{t|ıq}} to apply it to an object (since it can’t just be turned into a verb). | ||
==== Quantifying over properties ==== | |||
One idiom is to combine {{t|ıq}} with quantifiers: | |||
{{Example|Joaı jí sá tuaja ru tucaı ru cheaqgı.|I'm looking for someone courageous, strong, and trustworthy.}} | |||
{{Example|Iq jí sía nu da!|I satisfy no such properties! (I'm nothing like that!)}} | |||
{{Example|Jeha ıq súq ní saq da.|You ''do'' satisfy these three. (You ''are'' those three things.)}} | |||
==== Combining {{t|eq}} and {{t|ꝡë}} ==== | |||
Another idiom is to use {{t|eq}} with a kind and a relative clause. | |||
{{Example|báq chıeche, ꝡë faı hạoguaırıeq hóa|students that often procrastinate}} | |||
{{Example|Eq nháo báq chıeche, ꝡë faı hạoguaırıeq hóa.|He's one of those students that often procrastinate.}} | |||
==== Using {{t|îq}} ==== | |||
You can create arbitrarily complex eventive adverbials using {{t|îq lä…}} | |||
{{Example|Kuq nháo sá de îq, lä âo, ꝡä tı súq ní, nä ca {{green|hóa}}, ꝡä roq súq.|They said something beautiful — if you were there {{green|it}} would've made you cry.}} | |||