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Focus, topic, cleft: Difference between revisions
noun phrase → noun form
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== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
* The syntax of {{green|{{t|bï}}}} is: {{t|{{small caps|topic}} bï {{small caps|comment}}}}. | * The syntax of {{green|{{t|bï}}}} is: {{t|{{small caps|topic}} bï {{small caps|comment}}}}. | ||
** {{small caps|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun | ** {{small caps|topic}} must be a [[definite]] [[noun form]], like <i>the cat</i> or <i>that I love you</i>. If you want to refer back to the topic, you may not use {{t|hóa}}, but you may use any of the other strategies available to you, like {{t|máq}} or {{t|hụ́ꝡa}}. | ||
* The word {{blue|{{t|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun | * The word {{blue|{{t|nä}}}} can be used to front [[noun form]]s and [[adverbial]]s. | ||
** When fronting a noun | ** When fronting a noun form, the syntax is {{t|{{small caps|noun form}} nä {{small caps|relative clause}}}}. The [[relative clause]] must [[anaphora|refer back]] to the noun form, either using {{t|hóa}} or an appropriate [[pronoun]] like {{t|hó}}. | ||
** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t|{{small caps|adverbial}} nä {{small caps|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to. | ** When fronting an adverbial, the syntax is {{t|{{small caps|adverbial}} nä {{small caps|clause}}}}. In this usage, {{t|hóa}} is not used because there’s nothing to refer back to. | ||
* The word {{orange|{{t|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange|{{t|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]]. | * The word {{orange|{{t|kú}}}} goes in front of the focused piece of information. To focus a single word instead of a whole constituent, you can use the prefix form {{orange|{{t|ku-}}}}. See [[Simple Focus]]. | ||
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== Gotchas == | == Gotchas == | ||
* Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}. | * Focus is often rendered as an English cleft in translation: {{t|Shao paı jí <u>kú súq</u>}} <i><u>It’s you who</u> I want to be friends with</i>. However, Toaq clefts do not impart focus: {{t|Súq nä shao paı jí hóa}} is just another way of saying {{t|Shao paı jí súq}}. You may, however, use the two features in tandem: {{t|Kú súq nä shao paı jí hóa}}. | ||
* For noun | * For noun forms, {{t|bï}} does not bind {{t|hóa}}. You must use another anaphoric pronoun if you want to refer back to the topic. The crucial difference is that {{t|bï}}’s complement, the topic established, is not required to appear in the clause! So for example, this is valid Toaq (and valid English, although some languages like Japanese like this pattern better than English does) and the extra specification in square brackets is not required at all: | ||
*: {{t|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t|.}} | *: {{t|Báq kası bï, he duq garabıa jí}} <i>{{t|[gêm máq]}}</i>{{t|.}} | ||
*: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i> | *: <i>As for walnuts, I tend to get nausea <i>[from them]</i>.</i> | ||