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Determiner (view source)

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{{GammaNote}}
A '''determiner''' is a particle that consumes a [[verb form]] and produces a [[noun form]] — specifically, a [[determiner phrase]].


A '''determiner''' is a particle that consumes a predicate phrase and produces a noun phrase.
For example: {{t|sá}} “some” is a determiner, {{t|bıo}} “…is a cup” is a predicate phrase, and {{t|sá bıo}} is a noun form meaning “some cup(s).”
 
For example: {{t|sá}} “some” is a determiner, {{t|bıo}} “…is a cup” is a predicate phrase, and {{t|sá bıo}} is a noun phrase meaning “some cup(s)”.


== Determiner particles ==
== Determiner particles ==
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! Word !! Meaning
! Word !! Meaning
|-
|-
| {{done|2}} || X (bound to something)
| {{done|2}} || X (bound; see below)
|-
|-
| {{t|sá}} || some X
| {{t|sá}} || some X
|-
|-
| {{t|tú}} || every/each X
| {{t|tú}} || every/each single X
|-
|-
| {{t|túq}} || all X
| {{t|tútu}} || every group of X-es (see below)
|-
| {{t|túq}} || all the Xs together
|-
|-
| {{t|sía}} || no X
| {{t|sía}} || no X
|-
| {{t|ní}} || this/that X
|-
|-
| {{t|hú}} || endophoric determiner
| {{t|hú}} || endophoric determiner
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| {{t|báq}} || X in general, X-[[kind]]
| {{t|báq}} || X in general, X-[[kind]]
|-
|-
| {{t|já}} || λX
| {{t|já}} || λX, see [[Property]]
|-
|-
| {{t|hı}} || which X?
| {{t|hí}} || which X?
|}
|}


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<math>
<math>
   {\color{brown}    \underbrace{\exists \textsf{bio}:}_{1}}
   {\color{brown}    \underbrace{\exists \textsf{bio}:}_{1}}
\; {\color{chocolate} \underbrace{\textrm{Bio}(\textsf{bio}) \mathop\wedge}_{2}}
\; {\color{chocolate} \underbrace{\textrm{Cup}(\textsf{bio}) \mathop\wedge}_{2}}
\; \textrm{Heaq}(\textsf{ji},
\; \textrm{Heaq}(\textsf{ji},
     {\color{teal}    \underbrace{\textsf{bio}}_{3}}
     {\color{teal}    \underbrace{\textsf{bio}}_{3}}
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=== Every, each, all ===
=== Every, each, all ===
{{t|tú bıo}} quantifies over the range of "cups-es". The possible values of {{t|bío}} include not only individual cups, but also groups of cups. A group of cups is also a {{t|bio}}, after all.
{{t|tú bıo}} quantifies over single cups, i.e. each individual cup. This is often what we want to say, despite not being the "purest" form of for-all quantification in [[plural logic]]; after all, ''groups'' of several cups are also {{t|bio}}. The expression {{t|tútu bıo}} quantifies over the range of "cups-es": the possible values of {{t|bío}} then include not only individual cups, but also groups of cups.
 
This can lead to surprising behavior: see below.
 
{{t|tushı bỉo}} quantifies over "cups-es that are one", i.e. '''each''' individual cup. It's like {{t|tu bỉo ru shỉ}}.
 
{{t|tuq bỉo}} doesn't make a "for-all" statement. Instead it refers to the single entity "all cups (together)".
 
=== Inappropriate {{t|tu}} ===
You might think that {{t|Zủdeq tu pỏq sa zủ}} means "every person speaks ''some'' language", where possibly each person speaks a different one. Certainly, presenting sentences such as <math>\forall x, \exists y: P(x,y)</math> and assigning them this interpretation is popular in discussions of ''singular'' predicate logic.
 
But because the plural-logic {{t|tu pỏq}} ranges over all "people-s", i.e. all groups of people, it also includes the referent "''all'' relevant people together". Consequently, this sentence ends up saying that all people speak at least some ''common'' language(s), namely whichever {{t|sa zủ}} these maximal {{t|póq}} speak.
 
As a concrete demonstration, if there are three people P1, P2, P3 in question, then {{t|Zủdeq tu pỏq sa zủ}} claims all of the following:


* There is/are some language(s) Z1, that P1 speaks.
You can read {{t|tútu bıo nä …}} as: "for all ''xx'', if ''xx'' are some cups…"
* There is/are some language(s) Z2, that P2 speaks.
* There is/are some language(s) Z3, that P3 speaks.
* There is/are some language(s) Z4, that [P1 {{t|roı}} P2] speak.
* There is/are some language(s) Z5, that [P1 {{t|roı}} P3] speak.
* There is/are some language(s) Z6, that [P2 {{t|roı}} P3] speak.
* There is/are some language(s) Z7, that [P1 {{t|roı}} P2 {{t|roı}} P3] speak. (= a common language! ⚠️)


You can explicitly quantify over ''single'' people to get the intended meaning: {{t|Zủdeq tushı pỏq sa zủ}}.
{{t|túq bıo}} doesn't make a "for-all" statement. Instead it refers to the single entity "all cups (together)".
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