|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{GammaNote}} | | An '''adverbial adjunct''', or simply '''adverbial''', is a phrase that adds more information to a clause. They are created by placing the hiatus tone {{Done|4}} on a verb. For example, {{Deranize|tî sóaq}} "in the garden" and {{Deranize|fôı}} "boredly" are adverbials. |
|
| |
|
| An '''adverbial''' is either a '''prepositional phrase''' or an '''adverb phrase'''.
| | == Types of adverbial == |
| | Syntactically, adverbials may or may not take a [[noun form]] complement, depending on if the verb is transitive or intransitive. |
| | * {{t|Tî}} is transitive, so it needs a complement — here {{t|sóaq}} — effectively making {{t|tî}} act like a '''preposition'''. |
| | * {{t|Fôı}} is intransitive, so it doesn't need a complement, making it act like an '''adverb'''. |
|
| |
|
| * A prepositional phrase is a verb phrase in {{tone|6}}, followed by an argument: | | Semantically, adverbials are split into two categories based on whether the verb being conjugated can have an event as its subject. |
| ** For example: {{t|tì sóaq}} “in the garden” / {{t|shìu tîshaı súq cy}} “before you leave”.
| | * {{t|Tî}} '''can''' have an event subject, so it creates an '''eventive''' adverbial: {{t|Sea jí tî sóaq}} means "I rest, <u>and this event is</u> in the garden." |
| * An adverb phrase is a verb phrase in {{tone|7}}. | | * {{t|Fôı}} '''can't''' have an event subject, so it creates a '''subject-sharing''' adverbial: {{t|Sea jí fôı}} means "I rest, <u>and concurrently I am</u> bored." |
| ** For example: {{t|hũıneq}} “unfortunately” / {{t|bũ}} “not”.
| |
|
| |
|
| == Adverbial types == | | == Positions == |
| In both cases, the ([[serial]]) head of the verb phrase is called the '''head verb''' of the adverbial. For example, the head verb of {{t|bù tỉ sóaq}} is {{t|bu}}; the head verb of {{t|hũıneq}} is {{t|huıneq}}.
| | Adverbials may occur in three positions: |
| | # Before the [[cleft verb]] {{t|nä}}, for example {{t|{{green|Tî sóaq}} nä pıe jí sá kafe.}} |
| | # Before the arguments, for example {{t|Pıe {{green|tî sóaq}} jí sá kafe.}} |
| | # After the arguments, for example {{t|Pıe jí sá kafe {{green|tî sóaq}}.}} |
|
| |
|
| The [[verb class]] of this head verb determines the '''type''' of an adverbial:
| | == See also == |
| | | * [[Adverbs are low]] |
| * If the verb is a “regular” verb, the adverbial is a '''type I''' or '''low adverbial'''.
| | * [[Sentence structures]] |
| * But if the verb class is Tense, Aspect, Modality, or Negation, the adverbial is a '''type II''' or '''high adverbial'''.
| |
| | |
| === Type I adverbials ===
| |
| Type I adverbials a.k.a. '''low adverbials''' can occur in the [[prenex]], or before or after the arguments in a sentence. They simply “dress up” the sentence with more details:
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>{{t|<u>Shũı</u> bı, nỏaq <u>tì sóaq</u> jí sa kủe <u>lũq</u> <u>gùq hóe</u> da.}}<br><u>Secretly</u>, <u>in the garden</u> I read a book <u>calmly</u> <u>under the sun</u>.</blockquote>
| |
| | |
| This sentence says that I read a book, and this happens secretly, and this happens calmly, and this happens in the garden, and this happens under the sun.
| |
| | |
| It isn't permitted to place adverbials ''between'' the arguments, i.e. between {{t|jí}} and {{t|sa kủe}}.
| |
| | |
| === Type II adverbials ===
| |
| Type II adverbials a.k.a. '''high adverbials''' can only occur (in the prenex or) at the end of a clause.
| |
| | |
| They ''scope over'' the verbal complex and the post-field (i.e. over the “verb and arguments and Type I adverbials” that is rest of the sentence).
| |
| | |
| Because they express ''tense, aspect, modality or negation'', type II adverbials have a meaning where they “wrap around” the sentence and can cause it to be un-asserted, rather than just adding more details.
| |
| | |
| (That is to say: unlike with Type I adverbials, “'''maybe''' they're sick” does not mean “they're sick, and this is happening maybe.” We are not just dressing up the sentence with details: we are placing it in a new modality context.)
| |
| | |
| The semantics of type II adverbials are governed by this wrapping behavior, as demonstrated in these examples:
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>{{t|Rủao jí súq <u>bũ</u> da.}}<br>I forgive you <u>not</u>.</blockquote>
| |
| | |
| This sentence says that <u>it's not the case that</u> I forgive you, i.e. {{t|bủ rûao jí súq}}.
| |
| | |
| <blockquote>{{t|<u>Lẽ</u> bı bỉa nháo da.}}<br><u>Likely</u>, they are sick.</blockquote>
| |
| | |
| This sentence says that <u>it's possible that</u> they are sick, i.e. {{t|lẻ bîa nháo}}.
| |
| | |
| == Open questions ==
| |
| * What are all the verb classes? Are there other Type II verb classes than TAMN?
| |
| * Is the verb class of a serial verb really always determined by the verb class of its head? I think it is.
| |
| * I write that adverbials can occur in the prenex, but is this really true? The [[refgram]] does not mention it but it is common usage. | |
| * What does {{t|Dãı dĩ bı bỉa jí lẽ bũ}} mean? I think it just means {{t|Dảı dî lê bû bîa jí}} but I'm not sure.
| |