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For example: {{t|leo}} ("tries to") and {{t|juoq}} ("should") both take one ''concrete'' argument followed by one ''property'' argument. This is expressed by the type signature <code>(c 1)</code>. These verbs have the same type signature, so they belong to the same semantic frame. | For example: {{t|leo}} ("tries to") and {{t|juoq}} ("should") both take one ''concrete'' argument followed by one ''property'' argument. This is expressed by the type signature <code>(c 1)</code>. These verbs have the same type signature, so they belong to the same semantic frame. | ||
Furthermore, each semantic frame in Toaq has an arbitrary '''representative''' chosen for it, used as a handy way to refer to the frame. For example, the semantic frame of all verbs with type signature <code>(c 1)</code> is called the '''LEO (semantic) frame'''. LEO consists of all the verbs whose argument places are just like {{t|leo}}'s. | Furthermore, each semantic frame in Toaq has an arbitrary '''representative''' chosen for it, used as a handy way to refer to the frame. For example, the semantic frame of all verbs with type signature <code>(c 1)</code> is called the '''{{class|LEO|c 1}} (semantic) frame'''. {{class|LEO}} consists of all the verbs whose argument places are just like {{t|leo|{{x}} tries to satisfy property {{x}}}}'s. | ||
We say that “{{t|juoq}} is in the LEO frame” or “{{t|juoq}} is in | We say that “{{t|juoq}} is in the {{class|LEO}} frame” or “{{t|juoq}} is in {{class|LEO}}”. We also often just say that “{{t|juoq}} is <code>(c 1)</code>”. | ||
== Serial frames == | == Serial frames == | ||
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<div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"> | <div style="border:1px solid black;padding:5px 15px;background:#ffd"> | ||
These are the possible '''serial types''' an argument place can have: | These are the possible '''serial types''' an argument place can have: | ||
* | * <code>c</code> means that this argument place remains untouched and will still be there in the resulting serial verb. | ||
* <code>0</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments: | * <code>0</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments: | ||
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red"> | ** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> wants <b style="color:gray">0</b> to be the case</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">c</b> sits on <b style="color:green">c</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> wants <b style="color:#ba0">c</b> to sit on <b style="color:green">c</b></span> | ||
* <code>1</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first one: | * <code>1</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first one: | ||
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red"> | ** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> tries to satisfy <b style="color:gray">1</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">c</b> sits on <b style="color:green">c</b></span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> tries to sit on <b style="color:green">c</b></span> | ||
* <code>2</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first two: | * <code>2</code> means that this place will be subsumed by all of the right-hand verb's arguments, '''merging''' with its first two: | ||
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red"> | ** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> all reciprocally satisfy <b style="color:gray">2</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">c</b> agrees with <b style="color:green">c</b> that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> all agree that <b style="color:teal">0</b> is the case</span> | ||
* <code>e</code> means that this place will disappear, '''merging''' with "[[Kind|{{t|baq}}]] ''right-hand-verb''". | * <code>e</code> means that this place will disappear, '''merging''' with "[[Kind|{{t|baq}}]] ''right-hand-verb''". | ||
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red"> | ** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> takes care of <b style="color:gray">e</b></span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">a</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">c</b> takes care of cat(s).</span> | ||
** Such a slot is known as an '''exhibitor slot''' (hence <code>e</code>), and the resulting serial is a '''genitival serial'''. | ** Such a slot is known as an '''exhibitor slot''' (hence <code>e</code>), and the resulting serial is a '''genitival serial'''. | ||
* <code>a</code> means that this '''adjectival''' place will disappear, and the following verb's first place is modified, attributively when appropriate or otherwise predicatively, by this adjective: | * <code>a</code> means that this '''adjectival''' place will disappear, and the following verb's first place is modified, attributively when appropriate or otherwise predicatively, by this adjective: | ||
** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">a</b> is small</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0"> | ** <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:red">a</b> is small</span> + <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">a</b> is a cat</span> = <span style="background:#ddf;padding:4px"><b style="color:#ba0">c</b> is a small cat.</span> | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
The signature is again written by writing down all the types in parentheses, like <code>( | The signature is again written by writing down all the types in parentheses, like <code>(c c 0)</code> or <code>(c e)</code>. | ||
There is '''at most''' one non-<code> | There is '''at most''' one non-<code>c</code> in a serial signature. This is because all the other slot types define ''the'' serialization behavior for the verb, and a verb must have one unambiguous serialization behavior! So while <code>(c 0 0)</code> is a valid semantic frame, there cannot be a <code>(c 0 0)</code> serial behavior, as it wouldn't be clear which of the <code>0</code> slots accepts the right-hand verb arguments. | ||
Some verbs cannot participate in serials, and are not part of any serial frame. | Some verbs cannot participate in serials, and are not part of any serial frame. | ||
=== Table of serial frames === | === Table of serial frames === | ||
The frames currently found in the [https://toaq.github.io/dictionary/ official dictionary] are: | |||
*; Subordinating | |||
*: <code>(c 0)</code> {{class|tua}} | |||
*: <code>(c 1)</code> {{class|leo}} | |||
*: <code>(c 2)</code> {{class|cheo}} | |||
*: <code>(c c 0)</code> {{class|duasue}} | |||
*: <code>(c c 1)</code> {{class|huaq}} | |||
*: <code>(c c 2)</code> {{class|jeq}} | |||
*; Adjectival | |||
*: <code>(a)</code> {{class|gı}} | |||
*; Genitival | |||
*: <code>(c e)</code> {{class|muoq}} | |||
== How do they relate? == | == How do they relate? == | ||