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Determiner (view source)

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A '''determiner''' is a particle that consumes a predicate phrase and produces a noun phrase.
A '''determiner''' is a particle that consumes a predicate phrase and produces a noun phrase.


For example: {{t|sa}} “some” is a determiner, {{t|bỉo}} “…is a cup” is a predicate phrase, and {{t|sa bỉo}} is a noun phrase meaning “some cup(s)”.
For example: {{t|sá}} “some” is a determiner, {{t|bıo}} “…is a cup” is a predicate phrase, and {{t|sa bıo}} is a noun phrase meaning “some cup(s)”.


== Determiner particles ==
== Determiner particles ==
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! Word !! Meaning
! Word !! Meaning
|-
|-
| {{t|sa}} || some X
| {{t|◌́}} || X (bound to something)
|-
|-
| {{t|tu}} || every X
| {{t|sá}} || some X
|-
|-
| {{t|tushı}} || each X
| {{t|tú}} || every/each X
|-
|-
| {{t|tuq}} || all X
| {{t|túq}} || all X
|-
|-
| {{t|sıa}} || no X
| {{t|sía}} || no X
|-
|-
| {{t|ke}} || the X
| {{t|hú}} || endophoric determiner
|-
|-
| {{t|hoı}} || the aforementioned X
| {{t|ké}} || exophoric determiner
|-
|-
| {{t|baq}} || X in general, X-[[kind]]
| {{t|báq}} || X in general, X-[[kind]]
|-
|-
| {{t|ja}} || λX
| {{t|já}} || λX
|-
|-
| {{t|hı}} || which X?
| {{t|hı}} || which X?
|-
| {{t|co}} || how many X?
|}
|}
Additionally, {{tone|2}} can be analyzed as a tonal pseudo-determiner that refers to bound variables, or falls back to "implicitly-bound" {{t|ke X}} if there is no earlier binding.


== Semantics ==
== Semantics ==
Formally, grammatical determiners tend to correspond to logical '''quantifiers''' over a now-bound variable, plus an occurence of that variable. For example, the {{t|sa}} determiner corresponds to the <math>\exists</math> quantifier. The tagged predicate phrase doubles both as a ''domain'' and a ''name'' for the variable.
Formally, grammatical determiners tend to correspond to logical '''quantifiers''' over a now-bound variable, plus an occurrence of that variable. For example, the {{t|sa}} determiner corresponds to the <math>\exists</math> quantifier. The tagged predicate phrase doubles both as a ''domain'' and a ''name'' for the variable.


In short, {{t|sa bỉo}} does three things:
In short, {{t|sá bıo}} does three things:
# <span style="color:brown">introduces</span> an existentially bound variable {{t|bío}} to the clause;
# <span style="color:brown">introduces</span> an existentially bound variable {{t|bío}} to the clause;
# <span style="color:chocolate">specifies</span> that it refers to a cup (or some cups: see [[plural logic]]);
# <span style="color:chocolate">specifies</span> that it refers to a cup (or some cups: see [[plural logic]]);
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<blockquote>
<blockquote>
{{t|Hẻaq jí <u>sa bỉo</u>.}}<br>
{{t|Heaq jí <u>sá bıo</u>.}}<br>
<math>
<math>
   {\color{brown}    \underbrace{\exists \textsf{bio}:}_{1}}
   {\color{brown}    \underbrace{\exists \textsf{bio}:}_{1}}
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=== Every, each, all ===
=== Every, each, all ===
{{t|tu bỉo}} quantifies over the range of "cups-es". The possible values of {{t|bío}} include not only individual cups, but also groups of cups. A group of cups is also a {{t|bỉo}}, after all.
{{t|tú bıo}} quantifies over the range of "cups-es". The possible values of {{t|bío}} include not only individual cups, but also groups of cups. A group of cups is also a {{t|bio}}, after all.


This can lead to surprising behavior: see below.
This can lead to surprising behavior: see below.
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