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Toaq has a system of grammatical '''animacy'''. | Toaq has a system of grammatical '''animacy'''. | ||
Any noun phrase belongs to one of | Any noun phrase belongs to one of four '''classes''', each with its own word for “he/she/they/it” that refers back to the most recent noun phrase belonging to that class. (This system of anaphoric pronouns is the ''only'' place in Toaq where this animacy distinction comes up, so the classes are known varyingly as '''animacy classes''', '''anaphora classes''', or '''pronominal classes'''.) | ||
== Grammatical, rather than natural animacy == | == Grammatical, rather than natural animacy == | ||
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If you know some Spanish, it's like "grammatical gender" in that language. ''La persona'' is feminine, even if the person you're talking about isn't necessarily female. | If you know some Spanish, it's like "grammatical gender" in that language. ''La persona'' is feminine, even if the person you're talking about isn't necessarily female. | ||
Toaq's pronouns work the same way: if you describe a person as {{t| | Toaq's pronouns work the same way: if you describe a person as {{t|sá sao}} ("someone big"), the appropriate pronoun to refer to them later in the sentence is {{t|tá}} (“it<sub>descriptive</sub>”), because {{t|sao}} has the "descriptive" animacy. It's not correct to use {{t|hó}}, because that's the pronoun for animate ''verbs'', not animate referents. | ||
== Table of classes == | == Table of classes == | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ Toaq animacy classes | |+ Toaq animacy classes | ||
! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example | ! Nr. !! Class !! Pronoun !! Example !! Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | I || Animate || {{t|hó}} || {{t|sá poq}} || a person | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | II || Inanimate || {{t|máq}} || {{t|sá jıo}} || a building | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | III || Abstract || {{t|hóq}} || {{t|sá sıo}} || an idea | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | IV || Descriptive || {{t|tá}} || {{t|sá de}} || something pretty | ||
|} | |||
=== Verb animacy classes === | |||
<div style="text-align: center; display: inline-block; float: right;"> | |||
<div style="background-color: #fcc; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em"> | |||
<strong style="font-size: larger">Class I – <b style="color: #c00">{{t|ho}}</b></strong> | |||
<p>For living beings and their actions.</p> | |||
{| style="margin: 0 auto; table-layout: fixed;" | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🧒 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🐕 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🏊 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🗣️ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{t|deo}} || {{t|kune}} || {{t|lıaı}} || {{t|kuq}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | child || dog || swims || says | ||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="background-color: #fdc; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em"> | |||
<strong style="font-size: larger">Class II – <b style="color: #c80">{{t|maq}}</b></strong> | |||
<p>For inanimate tangible things.</p> | |||
{| style="margin: 0 auto; table-layout: fixed;" | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🥝 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | ⛰️ | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 📦 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🔥 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{t|zeo}} || {{t|meı}} || {{t|tıaı}} || {{t|loe}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | fruit || mountain || box || flame | ||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="background-color: #ccf3dd; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em"> | |||
<strong style="font-size: larger">Class III – <b style="color: #090">{{t|hoq}}</b></strong> | |||
<p>For abstract (intangible) concepts.</p> | |||
{| style="margin: 0 auto; table-layout: fixed;" | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🌃 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🔠 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | ☯️ | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🚭 | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{t|nuaq}} || {{t|laı}} || {{t|chuaq}} || {{t|juao}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | night || letter || ideology || rule | ||
|} | |} | ||
</div> | |||
<div style="background-color: #ccf; padding: 2em; padding-top: 1em"> | |||
<strong style="font-size: larger">Class IV – <b style="color: #33c">{{t|ta}}</b></strong> | |||
<p>For words that could apply to many things.</p> | |||
{| style="margin: 0 auto; table-layout: fixed;" | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 💨 | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | ✨ | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | ☕ | |||
| style="font-size: 200%; width: 2em" | 🌈 | |||
|- | |||
| {{t|suaı}} || {{t|de}} || {{t|loq}} || {{t|reo}} | |||
|- | |||
| fast || beautiful || warm || colorful | |||
|} | |||
</div> | |||
<div style="font-size: smaller; padding: 1em">The main verb animacy classes. <br>[[Media:AnimacyPoster.png|See image version.]] | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class: | Every Toaq verb belongs to some verb animacy class: | ||
* If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t|hó}}). | * If the verb necessarily implies animacy/sentience of its subject, it's in '''class I''' ({{t|hó}}). | ||
*: ''Examples:'' {{t|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}} | *: ''Examples:'' {{t|poq, naq, kato, che, be, deo, mıe, koı, moı, tao, fıeq, jaı…}} | ||
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*: ''Examples:'' {{t|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}} | *: ''Examples:'' {{t|doq, nuı, juı, lıo, muo, raq, daı, de…}} | ||
There is one exception: the verb {{t|raı}}. This is so that we can use {{t|raı}} as a dummy verb whose only role is to bind {{t|ráı}} for later use, e.g., | |||
:; {{t|Sá raı nä dua jí, ꝡä bu bo jí ráı da.}} | |||
:: ''There are some things I know I don’t own.'' | |||
Variables (words starting with the prefix {{t|nha-}}) also behave this way. | |||
In a serial verb, the first verb determines the animacy. |