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| === Pronouns === | | === Pronouns === |
| * {{t|jí}} = I | | * {{t|jí}} = I |
| * {{t|súq}} = you | | * {{t|súq}} = you (sg.) |
| * {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they | | * {{t|súna}} = you all (pl.) |
| * {{t|múy}} = I+you | | * {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they (sg.) |
| * {{t|míy}} = I+they | | * {{t|nháona}} = they (pl.) |
| * {{t|máy}} = I+you+they | | * {{t|úmo}} = I+you |
| | * {{t|íme}} = I+they |
| | * {{t|súho}} = I+you+they |
| * {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small> | | * {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small> |
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| * {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours | | * {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours |
| * {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate) | | * {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate) |
| | |
| | For example: |
| | * {{t|Jıbo kúe ní (da).}} = "This is my book" |
| | * {{t|Bo súq kúe jıbo (da).}} = "You have my book" |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| * {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___ | | * {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___ |
| * {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___ | | * {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___ |
| </div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
| |
| === Abstract vocab ===
| |
| * {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
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| * {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
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| <small>
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| :* {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
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| </small>
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| * {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
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| * {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
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| * {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
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| * {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
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| * {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
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| <small>
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| :* {{t|kaqgaı}} = ___ sees ___
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| :* {{t|huogaı}} = ___ hears ___
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| :* {{t|shıqgaı}} = ___ smells ___
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| :* {{t|noqgaı}} = ___ tastes ___
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| :* {{t|puaqgaı}} = ___ touches ___
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| </small>
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| * {{t|sı}} = ___ pays attention to ___
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| <small>
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| :* {{t|kaqsı}} = ___ looks at ___
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| :* {{t|huosı}} = ___ listens to ___, etc.
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| </small>
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| </div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Abstract vocab 2 ===
| |
| * {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
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| * {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
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| * {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
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| * {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
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| * {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
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| * {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
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| * {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
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| * {{t|bu}} = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
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| * {{t|le}} = ___ is likely
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| * {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
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| * {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
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| * {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Tenses and aspects ===
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| * {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
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| * {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
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| * {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
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| * {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
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| * {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening
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| * {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
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| * {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
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| * {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
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| * {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
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| * {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
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| * {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
| |
|
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| === Sentence structure ===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution)
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| |-
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| | {{t|Je,}} (Well,)
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| | rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}}
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| | rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}}
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| | {{t|da.}} (statement)
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| |-
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| | {{t|Keo,}} (However,)
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| | {{t|moq?}} (question)
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| |-
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| | {{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
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| | {{t|ba.}} (wish)
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| |-
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| | {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,)
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| | {{t|nha.}} (promise)
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| |}
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
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| Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:
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|
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| {{t|pỏq}} = ___ is a person => {{t|póq}} = "the person(s)"
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|
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| {{t|cả}} = ___ causes ___ => {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
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|
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| If a noun for the second slot is needed, use {{t|mú}} and the verb form of the word.
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|
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| {{t|cả}} => {{t|mú cả}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
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| Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
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|
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| Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause.
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|
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| *{{t|póq düa <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the people <u>who</u> know"
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| *{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me"
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| *{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love"
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|
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| {{t|cy}} is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, {{t|cy}} is not needed before {{t|da}} because {{t|da}} already ends the sentence.
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
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| Main verb.
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|
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| *{{t|<u>Mảı</u> jí súq da.}} = "I love you."
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|
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| Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in {{tone|4}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|kúo}} changes to {{tone|2}}. The remaining {{t|kảto}} is in {{tone|4}}.
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| *{{t|Mải jí <u>kúo kảto</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
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| Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
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|
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| *{{t|ôcha jí cy}} = "that I am human"
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| *{{t|Dủa jí <u>ôcha jí cy</u> da.}} = "I know that I am human."
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| *{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."
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|
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| {{t|cy}} is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}}.
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
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| A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
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|
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| It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
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|
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| * {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon"
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| * {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
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| * {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
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| An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
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|
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| * {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
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| * {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
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| Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === [[Determiner]]s ===
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| Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
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|
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| ! {{t|sa cỉe}}
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| | a/some fish
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| |-
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| ! {{t|tu cỉe}}
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| | every fish
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| |-
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| ! {{t|sıa cỉe}}
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| | no fish
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| |-
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| ! {{t|ke cỉe}}
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| | the fish
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| |-
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| ! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}}
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| | fish (in general)
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| |-
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| ! {{t|hı cỉe}}
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| | which fish?
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| |}
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|
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| Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
| |
| === Conjunctions ===
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| Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
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| * {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful."
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| * {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad."
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| * {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
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|
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| {{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects:
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| * {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree."
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|
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| {{t|rı}} is used in questions:
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|
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| * {{t|Kảqgaı súq <u>káto rı kúne</u> moq?}} = "Do you see a cat '''or''' a dog?"
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| </div>
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|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
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| === Quotations and names ===
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|
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| Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}.
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|
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| {{t|mı}} is placed before a name.
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|
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| If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name.
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|
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| * {{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı".
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|
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| Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar.
| |
| </div>
| |
|
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| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
| |
| === Asking questions ===
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|
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| {{t|moq}} is the illocution for asking questions.
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|
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| {{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question.
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|
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| * {{t|Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da.}} = "You are Hoemaı."
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| * {{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?"
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|
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| {{t|hı}} 'what, which', {{t|tıopuı}} 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that {{t|hı}} is a determiner.
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|
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| {| style="text-align: left;"
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| |{{t|Tỉ}}
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| |{{t|súq}}
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| |{{t|hı}}
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| |{{t|rảı}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
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| |{{t|?}}
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| |-
| |
| |at
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| |you
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| |which
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| |thing
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| |INT
| |
| |?
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| |-
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| | colspan="6" |"Where are you?"
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| |}
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| <hr>
| |
| {| style="text-align: left;"
| |
| |{{t|Tỉsha}}
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| |{{t|súq}}
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| |{{t|rào}}
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| |{{t|hı}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
| |
| |{{t|?}}
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| |-
| |
| |arrive
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| |you
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| |when
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| |which
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| |INT
| |
| |?
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| |-
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| | colspan="6" |"When did you arrive?"
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| |}
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| <hr>
| |
| {| style="text-align: left;"
| |
| |{{t|Pủ}}
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| |{{t|chủq}}
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| |{{t|hı}}
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| |{{t|rảı}}
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| |{{t|ní}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
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| |{{t|?}}
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| |-
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| |PST
| |
| |eat
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| |which
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| |thing
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| |this/that
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| |INT
| |
| |?
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| |-
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| | colspan="7" |"Who ate this?"
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| |}
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| <hr>
| |
| {| style="text-align: left;"
| |
| |{{t|Tảo}}
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| |{{t|súq}}
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| |{{t|ní}}
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| |{{t|kùi}}
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| |{{t|hı}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
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| |{{t|?}}
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| |-
| |
| |do
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| |you
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| |this/that
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| |because
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| |which
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| |INT
| |
| |?
| |
| |-
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| | colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?"
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| |}
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| <hr>
| |
| {| style="text-align: left;"
| |
| |{{t|Tỉopuı}}
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| |{{t|póq}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
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| |{{t|?}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |how many
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| |person
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| |INT
| |
| |?
| |
| |-
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| |colspan="4" |"How many people are there?"
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| |}
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| <hr>
| |
| {| style="text-align: left;"
| |
| |{{t|Fả}}
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| |{{t|tíopuı}}
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| |{{t|póq}}
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| |{{t|moq}}
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| |{{t|?}}
| |
| |-
| |
| |go
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| |how many
| |
| |person
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| |INT
| |
| |?
| |
| |-
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| |colspan="4" |"How many people went?"
| |
| |}
| |
| </div>
| |
|
| |
| <div class="cheat-sheet-card">
| |
| === {{t|po}} ===
| |
|
| |
| Used for showing possession, terminated by {{t|ga}}; "{{t|Pó}} [possessor] {{t|ga}} [possessee]"
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|
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| {{t|Nủi pó káto ga nỉoka.}} = "The cat's paws are tiny."
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| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |