Cheat sheet/Gamma: Difference between revisions

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== Vocab ==
__NOTOC__
<span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is <u>outdated</u>.</span>
 
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* {{t|jı}}: ___ is me
* {{t|jí}} = I
* {{t|suq}}: ___ is you
* {{t|súq}} = you
* {{t|nhao}}: ___ is him/her/them
* {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they
* {{t|muy}}: ___ is me+you
* {{t|múy}} = I+you
* {{t|mıy}}: ___ is me+them
* {{t|míy}} = I+they
* {{t|may}}: ___ is me+you+them
* {{t|máy}} = I+you+they
* {{t|ha}}: ___ is one (impersonal)
* {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small>
<br/>
 
* {{t|ho}}: ___ is him/her/them (refers back to an animate word)
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]:
* {{t|maq}}: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
* {{t|hó}} = him/her/them (animate)
* {{t|hoq}}: ___ is it (…abstract word)
* {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate)
* {{t|ta}}: ___ is it (…adjective)
* {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract)
* {{t|tá}} = it (adjective)


Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
* {{t|jıbo}}: ___ is mine
* {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine
* {{t|suqbo}}: ___ is yours
* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|maqbo}}: ___ is its (inanimate)
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Nature vocab ===
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
* {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal
* {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child
* {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat
* {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog
* {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish
* {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun
* {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon
* {{t|nao}} = ___ is water
* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
<hr/>
==== Colors ====
* {{t|reo}} = ___ has color ___
* {{t|reocuaq}} = ___ is a color
<div>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fdd;            ">{{t|kıa  |___ is red  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fed;            ">{{t|naraq|___ is orange}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ffd;            ">{{t|lue  |___ is yellow}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfd;            ">{{t|rıq  |___ is green }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfe;            ">{{t|kuao |___ is cyan  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ddf;            ">{{t|mıo  |___ is blue  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #edf;            ">{{t|loa  |___ is purple}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fff;            ">{{t|bao  |___ is white }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #999;            ">{{t|ruı  |___ is gray  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #333; color: #ddd;">{{t|kuo  |___ is black }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #654; color: #ddd;">{{t|tıaq |___ is brown }}</span>
</div>
<small>All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".</small>
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Everyday vocab ===
=== Everyday vocab ===
* {{t|poq}}: ___ is a person
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|ocha}}: ___ is a human
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|nıaı}}: ___ is an animal
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|deo}}: ___ is a child
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___
* {{t|kato}}: ___ is a cat
<small>
* {{t|kune}}: ___ is a dog
:* {{t|ceohıo}} = ___ says hi to ___
* {{t|cıe}}: ___ is a fish
:* {{t|shaıhıo}} = ___ says bye to ___
* {{t|hoe}}: ___ is a sun
</small>
* {{t|mıao}}: ___ is a moon
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|nao}}: ___ is water
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|haq}}: ___ is food
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|rua}}: ___ is a flower
* {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___
<br/>
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|maı}}: ___ loves ___
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
* {{t|paı}}: ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful
* {{t|cho}}: ___ likes ___
* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___
* {{t|hıo}}: ___ greets ___
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|chuq}}: ___ eats ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|pıe}}: ___ drinks ___
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
* {{t|kuq}}: ___ says ___ to ___
=== Abstract vocab ===
* {{t|gı}}: ___ is good
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|huı}}: ___ is bad
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|kıa}}: ___ is red
<small>
* {{t|mıo}}: ___ is blue
:* {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
* {{t|bao}}: ___ is white
</small>
* {{t|kuo}}: ___ is black
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
* {{t|tı}}: ___ is at ___
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|nıe}}: ___ is inside ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
* {{t|neo}}: ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
<br/>
* {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
* {{t|toa}}: ___ is a word
<small>
* {{t|muı}}: ___ is a meaning of ___
:* {{t|kaqgaı}} = ___ sees ___
* {{t|toaq}}: ___ is Toaqic
:* {{t|huogaı}} = ___ hears ___
<br/>
:* {{t|shıqgaı}} = ___ smells ___
* {{t|dua}}: ___ knows ___
:* {{t|noqgaı}} = ___ tastes ___
* {{t|chı}}: ___ believes ___
:* {{t|puaqgaı}} = ___ touches ___
* {{t|mıu}}: ___ opines ___
</small>
* {{t|gaı}}: ___ senses ___
* {{t|sı}} = ___ pays attention to ___
* {{t|kuaı}}: ___ longs to do ___
<small>
* {{t|leo}}: ___ tries to do ___
:* {{t|kaqsı}} = ___ looks at ___
* {{t|tua}}: ___ makes ___ happen
:* {{t|huosı}} = ___ listens to ___, etc.
* {{t|shao}}: ___ wants ___ to happen
</small>
* {{t|choq}}: ___ uses ___ to do ___
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<br/>
=== Abstract vocab 2 ===
* {{t|ca}}: ___ causes ___
* {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|kuı}}: ___ is because ___
* {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|bu}}: ___ is false
* {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|le}}: ___ is likely
* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|daı}}: ___ is possible
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
* {{t|raı}}: ___ is something
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|nı}}: ___ is this/that
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
* {{t|bu}} = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
* {{t|le}} = ___ is likely
* {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
</div>
 
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Tenses and aspects ===
=== Tenses and aspects ===
* {{t|pu}}: ___ happened
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
* {{t|naı}}: ___ happens now
* {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
* {{t|jıa}}: ___ will happen
* {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
* {{t|ceo}}: ___ starts to happen
* {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
* {{t|chufaq}}: ___ is happening
* {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening
* {{t|shaı}}: ___ stops happening
* {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
* {{t|shıu}}: ___ happens before ___
* {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
* {{t|rao}}: ___ happens during ___
* {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
* {{t|bıe}}: ___ happens after ___
* {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
* {{t|nıqguo}}: ___ happens again
* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|he}}: ___ is gnomically true
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
</div>


== Sentence structure ==
<div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
 
=== Sentence structure ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Je !! háq bı !! gỉ máq jìe jí !! da.
! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution)
|-
|-
| Connector || Topic || Body '''(required)''' || Illocution
| {{t|Je,}} (Well,)
| rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}}
| rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}}
| {{t|da.}} (statement)
|-
| {{t|Keo,}} (However,)
| {{t|moq?}} (question)
|-
| {{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
| {{t|ba.}} (wish)
|-
| {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,)
| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:


* Connector: {{t|je}} (new topic), {{t|keo}} (but), {{t|tıu}} (so)…
{{t|pỏq}} = ___ is a person => {{t|póq}} = "the person(s)"
* Topic: terms the sentence is about, then {{t|bı}}
* Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
* Illocution: {{t|da}} (statement), {{t|moq}} (question), {{t|ba}} (wish), {{t|nha}} (promise)…


== Tones ==
{{t|cả}} = ___ causes ___ => {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
 
Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: {{t|póq}} "the person(s)", {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
If a noun for the second slot is needed, use {{t|mú}} and the verb form of the word.
 
{{t|cả}} => {{t|mú cả}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Line 105: Line 173:
Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause.
Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause.


*{{t|póq düa hóa cy}} = "the people who know"
*{{t|póq düa <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the people <u>who</u> know"
*{{t|níaı mäı hóa jí cy}} = "the animal who loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí hóa cy}} = "the animal who I love (it)"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love"
 
{{t|cy}} is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, {{t|cy}} is not needed before {{t|da}} because {{t|da}} already ends the sentence.
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
Main verb.
Main verb.
Line 114: Line 186:
*{{t|<u>Mảı</u> jí súq da.}} = "I love you."
*{{t|<u>Mảı</u> jí súq da.}} = "I love you."


Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in {{tone|4}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|kúo}} changes to {{tone|2}}. The remaining {{t|kảto}} is in {{tone|4}}.
*{{t|Mải jí <u>kúo kảto</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
Line 121: Line 198:
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."


{{t|cy}} is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}}.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon"
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== [[Determiner]]s ===
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|sa cỉe}}
| a/some fish
|-
! {{t|tu cỉe}}
| every fish
|-
! {{t|sıa cỉe}}
| no fish
|-
! {{t|ke cỉe}}
| the fish
|-
! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}}
| fish (in general)
|-
! {{t|hı cỉe}}
| which fish?
|}
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
=== Conjunctions ===
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful."
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad."
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects:
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree."
{{t|rı}} is used in questions:
* {{t|Kảqgaı súq <u>káto rı kúne</u> moq?}} = "Do you see a cat '''or''' a dog?"
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Quotations and names ===
Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}.
{{t|mı}} is placed before a name.
If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name.
* {{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı".
Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Asking questions ===
{{t|moq}} is the illocution for asking questions.
{{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question.
* {{t|Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da.}} = "You are Hoemaı."
* {{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?"
{{t|hı}} 'what, which', {{t|tıopuı}} 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that {{t|hı}} is a determiner.
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉ}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|rảı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|at
|you
|which
|thing
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="6" |"Where are you?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉsha}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|rào}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|arrive
|you
|when
|which
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="6" |"When did you arrive?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Pủ}}
|{{t|chủq}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|rảı}}
|{{t|ní}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|PST
|eat
|which
|thing
|this/that
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="7" |"Who ate this?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tảo}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|ní}}
|{{t|kùi}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|do
|you
|this/that
|because
|which
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉopuı}}
|{{t|póq}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|how many
|person
|INT
|?
|-
|colspan="4" |"How many people are there?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Fả}}
|{{t|tíopuı}}
|{{t|póq}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|go
|how many
|person
|INT
|?
|-
|colspan="4" |"How many people went?"
|}
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== {{t|po}} ===
Used for showing possession, terminated by {{t|ga}}; "{{t|Pó}} [possessor] {{t|ga}} [possessee]"


== Determiners ==
{{t|Nủi pó káto ga nỉoka.}} = "The cat's paws are tiny."
sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi
</div>
== Conjunctions ==
</div>
ru, ra, ro
== Quotations and names ==
mo, teo, mi
== Asking questions ==
ma, hi, ri, moq
== {{t|po}} ==
== Properties ==
ja in {{tone|5}}

Latest revision as of 18:34, 7 December 2022

Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is outdated.

Pronouns

  • jí = I
  • súq = you
  • nháo = he/she/they
  • múy = I+you
  • míy = I+they
  • máy = I+you+they
  • há = one/people (as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")

These pronouns refer back to words of a certain animacy class:

  • hó = him/her/them (animate)
  • máq = it (inanimate)
  • hóq = it (abstract)
  • tá = it (adjective)

Attach -bo to pronouns to make genitive words:

  • jıbo = ___ is mine
  • suqbo = ___ is yours
  • maqbo = ___ is its (inanimate)

Nature vocab

  • poq = ___ is a person
  • ocha = ___ is a human
  • nıaı = ___ is an animal
  • deo = ___ is a child
  • kato = ___ is a cat
  • kune = ___ is a dog
  • cıe = ___ is a fish
  • hoe = ___ is a sun
  • mıao = ___ is a moon
  • nao = ___ is water
  • haq = ___ is food
  • rua = ___ is a flower

Colors

  • reo = ___ has color ___
  • reocuaq = ___ is a color

kıa naraq lue rıq kuao mıo loa bao ruı kuo tıaq

All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".

Everyday vocab

  • maı = ___ loves ___
  • paı = ___ is a friend of ___
  • cho = ___ likes ___
  • hıo = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___

  • ceohıo = ___ says hi to ___
  • shaıhıo = ___ says bye to ___

  • chuq = ___ eats ___
  • pıe = ___ drinks ___
  • kuq = ___ says ___ to ___
  • koy = ___ talks to ___
  • gı = ___ is good
  • huı = ___ is bad
  • de = ___ is beautiful
  • tı = ___ is at ___
  • nıe = ___ is inside ___
  • neo = ___ is on top of ___

Abstract vocab

  • toa = ___ is a word
  • muı = ___ is a meaning of ___

  • muıbo / semıo = ___ means ___

  • toaq = ___ is Toaqic
  • dua = ___ knows ___
  • chı = ___ believes ___
  • mıu = ___ opines ___
  • gaı = ___ senses ___

  • kaqgaı = ___ sees ___
  • huogaı = ___ hears ___
  • shıqgaı = ___ smells ___
  • noqgaı = ___ tastes ___
  • puaqgaı = ___ touches ___

  • sı = ___ pays attention to ___

  • kaqsı = ___ looks at ___
  • huosı = ___ listens to ___, etc.

Abstract vocab 2

  • kuaı = ___ longs to do ___
  • leo = ___ tries to do ___
  • tua = ___ makes ___ happen
  • shao = ___ wants ___ to happen
  • choq = ___ uses ___ to do ___
  • ca = ___ causes ___
  • kuı = ___ is because ___
  • bu = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
  • le = ___ is likely
  • daı = ___ is possible
  • raı = ___ is something
  • nı = ___ is this/that

Tenses and aspects

  • pu = ___ happened
  • naı = ___ happens now
  • jıa = ___ will happen
  • ceo = ___ starts to happen
  • chufaq = ___ is happening
  • shaı = ___ stops happening
  • shıu = ___ happens before ___
  • rao = ___ happens during ___
  • bıe = ___ happens after ___
  • nıqguo = ___ happens again
  • he = ___ is gnomically (generally) true

Sentence structure

(Connector) (Topic) Body (Illocution)
Je, (Well,) háq bı, gỉ máq jìe nháo da. (statement)
Keo, (However,) moq? (question)
Tıu, (So,) ba. (wish)
Nhu, (Anyway,) nha. (promise)

Rising tone rising tone

Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:

pỏq = ___ is a person => póq = "the person(s)"

cả = ___ causes ___ => cá "the cause(s)"

If a noun for the second slot is needed, use mú and the verb form of the word.

cả => mú cả "the thing(s) that was caused"

Rising-creaky tone rising-creaky tone

Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.

Inside the phrase, hóa refers to the noun attached to. cy ends the clause.

  • póq düa hóa cy = "the people who know"
  • níaı mäı hóa jí cy = "the animal who loves me"
  • níaı mäı jí hóa cy = "the animal whom I love"

cy is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, cy is not needed before da because da already ends the sentence.

Falling tone falling tone

Main verb.

  • Mảı jí súq da. = "I love you."

Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in falling tone. In the example below, only the word kúo changes to rising tone. The remaining kảto is in falling tone.

  • Mảı jí kúo kảto da. = "I love the black cat."

Peaking tone rising-falling tone

Starts a content clause, terminated by cy.

  • ôcha jí cy = "that I am human"
  • Dủa jí ôcha jí cy da. = "I know that I am human."
  • Keo shảo jí nîaı jí cy da. = "But I want to be an animal."

cy is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone rising-creaky tone.

Mid-falling tone mid-falling tone

A preposition, which makes an adverbial with the following noun phrase.

It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • nèo míao = "on the moon"
  • Kỏy jí súq nèo míao. = "I talk to you on the moon."
  • Mảı jí súq kùı pâı súq jí. = "I love you because you are my friend."

Falling creaky tone falling creaky tone

An adverb. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.

  • dãı = "possibly"
  • Chỉ hó hóq dãı da. = "They possibly believe it."

Neutral tone neutral tone

Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.

Determiners

Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".

sa cỉe a/some fish
tu cỉe every fish
sıa cỉe no fish
ke cỉe the fish
baq cỉe fish (in general)
hı cỉe which fish?

Or you can omit the verb: sa = "something", sıa = "nothing"…

Conjunctions

Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:

  • Gỉ ra dẻ baq kảto da. = "Cats are good and/or beautiful."
  • Gỉ ro hủı baq hảq da. = "Food is either good or bad."
  • Rẻı súq ru jí múao. = "You and I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)

roı is special, and combines nouns it connects:

  • Rẻı súq roı jí múao. = "You and I (together) surround the tree."

rı is used in questions:

  • Kảqgaı súq káto rı kúne moq? = "Do you see a cat or a dog?"

Quotations and names

Quotations start with mo and end with teo.

mı is placed before a name.

If you are addressing someone, hu should be added before the name.

  • Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka = "Hello, Hoemaı".

Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with lả or something similar.

Asking questions

moq is the illocution for asking questions.

mả can be used to ask a yes/no question.

  • Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da. = "You are Hoemaı."
  • Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq? = "Are you Hoemaı?"

hı 'what, which', tıopuı 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that hı is a determiner.

Tỉ súq hı rảı moq ?
at you which thing INT ?
"Where are you?"
Tỉsha súq rào hı moq ?
arrive you when which INT ?
"When did you arrive?"
Pủ chủq hı rảı ní moq ?
PST eat which thing this/that INT ?
"Who ate this?"
Tảo súq ní kùı hı moq ?
do you this/that because which INT ?
"Why did you do that?"
Tỉopuı póq moq ?
how many person INT ?
"How many people are there?"
Fả tíopuı póq moq ?
go how many person INT ?
"How many people went?"

po

Used for showing possession, terminated by ga; "Pó [possessor] ga [possessee]"

Nủı pó káto ga nỉoka. = "The cat's paws are tiny."

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