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== Vocab ==
__NOTOC__
<span style="color:#C00000; font-weight: bold;">Note: This page was for Toaq Gamma. A lot of stuff on here is <u>outdated</u>.</span>
 
<div style="display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap;">
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
* {{t|jı}}: ___ is me
* {{t|jí}} = I
* {{t|suq}}: ___ is you
* {{t|súq}} = you
* {{t|nhao}}: ___ is him/her/them
* {{t|nháo}} = he/she/they
* {{t|muy}}: ___ is me+you
* {{t|múy}} = I+you
* {{t|mıy}}: ___ is me+them
* {{t|míy}} = I+they
* {{t|may}}: ___ is me+you+them
* {{t|máy}} = I+you+they
* {{t|ha}}: ___ is one (impersonal)
* {{t|há}} = one/people <small>(as in "One does not simply walk into Mordor")</small>
<br/>
 
* {{t|ho}}: ___ is him/her/them (refers back to an animate word)
These pronouns refer back to words of a certain [[animacy class]]:
* {{t|maq}}: ___ is it (…inanimate word)
* {{t|hó}} = him/her/them (animate)
* {{t|hoq}}: ___ is it (…abstract word)
* {{t|máq}} = it (inanimate)
* {{t|ta}}: ___ is it (…adjective)
* {{t|hóq}} = it (abstract)
* {{t|tá}} = it (adjective)


Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
Attach {{t|-bo}} to pronouns to make genitive words:
* {{t|jıbo}}: ___ is mine
* {{t|jıbo}} = ___ is mine
* {{t|suqbo}}: ___ is yours
* {{t|suqbo}} = ___ is yours
* {{t|maqbo}}: ___ is its (inanimate)
* {{t|maqbo}} = ___ is its (inanimate)
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Nature vocab ===
* {{t|poq}} = ___ is a person
* {{t|ocha}} = ___ is a human
* {{t|nıaı}} = ___ is an animal
* {{t|deo}} = ___ is a child
* {{t|kato}} = ___ is a cat
* {{t|kune}} = ___ is a dog
* {{t|cıe}} = ___ is a fish
* {{t|hoe}} = ___ is a sun
* {{t|mıao}} = ___ is a moon
* {{t|nao}} = ___ is water
* {{t|haq}} = ___ is food
* {{t|rua}} = ___ is a flower
<hr/>
==== Colors ====
* {{t|reo}} = ___ has color ___
* {{t|reocuaq}} = ___ is a color
<div>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fdd;            ">{{t|kıa  |___ is red  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fed;            ">{{t|naraq|___ is orange}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ffd;            ">{{t|lue  |___ is yellow}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfd;            ">{{t|rıq  |___ is green }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #dfe;            ">{{t|kuao |___ is cyan  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #ddf;            ">{{t|mıo  |___ is blue  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #edf;            ">{{t|loa  |___ is purple}}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #fff;            ">{{t|bao  |___ is white }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #999;            ">{{t|ruı  |___ is gray  }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #333; color: #ddd;">{{t|kuo  |___ is black }}</span>
<span class=embiggen style="background-color: #654; color: #ddd;">{{t|tıaq |___ is brown }}</span>
</div>
<small>All of the above verbs mean "___ has color X", not "___ is the color X".</small>
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Everyday vocab ===
=== Everyday vocab ===
* {{t|poq}}: ___ is a person
* {{t|maı}} = ___ loves ___
* {{t|ocha}}: ___ is a human
* {{t|paı}} = ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|nıaı}}: ___ is an animal
* {{t|cho}} = ___ likes ___
* {{t|deo}}: ___ is a child
* {{t|hıo}} = ___ greets/bids farewell to ___
* {{t|kato}}: ___ is a cat
<small>
* {{t|kune}}: ___ is a dog
:* {{t|ceohıo}} = ___ says hi to ___
* {{t|cıe}}: ___ is a fish
:* {{t|shaıhıo}} = ___ says bye to ___
* {{t|hoe}}: ___ is a sun
</small>
* {{t|mıao}}: ___ is a moon
* {{t|chuq}} = ___ eats ___
* {{t|nao}}: ___ is water
* {{t|pıe}} = ___ drinks ___
* {{t|haq}}: ___ is food
* {{t|kuq}} = ___ says ___ to ___
* {{t|rua}}: ___ is a flower
* {{t|koy}} = ___ talks to ___
<br/>
* {{t|gı}} = ___ is good
* {{t|maı}}: ___ loves ___
* {{t|huı}} = ___ is bad
* {{t|paı}}: ___ is a friend of ___
* {{t|de}} = ___ is beautiful
* {{t|cho}}: ___ likes ___
* {{t|tı}} = ___ is at ___
* {{t|hıo}}: ___ greets ___
* {{t|nıe}} = ___ is inside ___
* {{t|chuq}}: ___ eats ___
* {{t|neo}} = ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|pıe}}: ___ drinks ___
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
* {{t|kuq}}: ___ says ___ to ___
=== Abstract vocab ===
* {{t|gı}}: ___ is good
* {{t|toa}} = ___ is a word
* {{t|huı}}: ___ is bad
* {{t|muı}} = ___ is a meaning of ___
* {{t|kıa}}: ___ is red
<small>
* {{t|mıo}}: ___ is blue
:* {{t|muıbo}} / {{t|semıo}} = ___ means ___
* {{t|bao}}: ___ is white
</small>
* {{t|kuo}}: ___ is black
* {{t|toaq}} = ___ is Toaqic
* {{t|tı}}: ___ is at ___
* {{t|dua}} = ___ knows ___
* {{t|nıe}}: ___ is inside ___
* {{t|chı}} = ___ believes ___
* {{t|neo}}: ___ is on top of ___
* {{t|mıu}} = ___ opines ___
<br/>
* {{t|gaı}} = ___ senses ___
* {{t|toa}}: ___ is a word
<small>
* {{t|muı}}: ___ is a meaning of ___
:* {{t|kaqgaı}} = ___ sees ___
* {{t|toaq}}: ___ is Toaqic
:* {{t|huogaı}} = ___ hears ___
<br/>
:* {{t|shıqgaı}} = ___ smells ___
* {{t|dua}}: ___ knows ___
:* {{t|noqgaı}} = ___ tastes ___
* {{t|chı}}: ___ believes ___
:* {{t|puaqgaı}} = ___ touches ___
* {{t|mıu}}: ___ opines ___
</small>
* {{t|gaı}}: ___ senses ___
* {{t|sı}} = ___ pays attention to ___
* {{t|kuaı}}: ___ longs to do ___
<small>
* {{t|leo}}: ___ tries to do ___
:* {{t|kaqsı}} = ___ looks at ___
* {{t|tua}}: ___ makes ___ happen
:* {{t|huosı}} = ___ listens to ___, etc.
* {{t|shao}}: ___ wants ___ to happen
</small>
* {{t|choq}}: ___ uses ___ to do ___
</div><div class="cheat-sheet-card">
<br/>
=== Abstract vocab 2 ===
* {{t|ca}}: ___ causes ___
* {{t|kuaı}} = ___ longs to do ___
* {{t|kuı}}: ___ is because ___
* {{t|leo}} = ___ tries to do ___
* {{t|bu}}: ___ is false
* {{t|tua}} = ___ makes ___ happen
* {{t|le}}: ___ is likely
* {{t|shao}} = ___ wants ___ to happen
* {{t|daı}}: ___ is possible
* {{t|choq}} = ___ uses ___ to do ___
* {{t|raı}}: ___ is something
* {{t|ca}} = ___ causes ___
* {{t|nı}}: ___ is this/that
* {{t|kuı}} = ___ is because ___
* {{t|bu}} = ___ is false (i.e. "not")
* {{t|le}} = ___ is likely
* {{t|daı}} = ___ is possible
* {{t|raı}} = ___ is something
* {{t|nı}} = ___ is this/that
</div>
 
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Tenses and aspects ===
=== Tenses and aspects ===
* {{t|pu}}: ___ happened
* {{t|pu}} = ___ happened
* {{t|naı}}: ___ happens now
* {{t|naı}} = ___ happens now
* {{t|jıa}}: ___ will happen
* {{t|jıa}} = ___ will happen
* {{t|ceo}}: ___ starts to happen
* {{t|ceo}} = ___ starts to happen
* {{t|chufaq}}: ___ is happening
* {{t|chufaq}} = ___ is happening
* {{t|shaı}}: ___ stops happening
* {{t|shaı}} = ___ stops happening
* {{t|shıu}}: ___ happens before ___
* {{t|shıu}} = ___ happens before ___
* {{t|rao}}: ___ happens during ___
* {{t|rao}} = ___ happens during ___
* {{t|bıe}}: ___ happens after ___
* {{t|bıe}} = ___ happens after ___
* {{t|nıqguo}}: ___ happens again
* {{t|nıqguo}} = ___ happens again
* {{t|he}}: ___ is gnomically true
* {{t|he}} = ___ is gnomically (generally) true
</div>


== Sentence structure ==
<div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
 
=== Sentence structure ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Je !! háq bı !! gỉ máq jìe jí !! da.
! (Connector) !! (Topic) !! Body !! (Illocution)
|-
|-
| Connector || Topic || Body '''(required)''' || Illocution
| {{t|Je,}} (Well,)
| rowspan="5" | {{t|háq bı,}}
| rowspan="5" | {{t|gỉ máq jìe nháo}}
| {{t|da.}} (statement)
|-
| {{t|Keo,}} (However,)
| {{t|moq?}} (question)
|-
| {{t|Tıu,}} (So,)
| {{t|ba.}} (wish)
|-
| {{t|Nhu,}} (Anyway,)
| {{t|nha.}} (promise)
|}
|}
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
Makes a noun phrase out of the first slot of a verb:


* Connector: {{t|je}} (new topic), {{t|keo}} (but), {{t|tıu}} (so)…
{{t|pỏq}} = ___ is a person => {{t|póq}} = "the person(s)"
* Topic: terms the sentence is about, then {{t|bı}}
* Body: main verb, followed by terms (subject, object…)
* Illocution: {{t|da}} (statement), {{t|moq}} (question), {{t|ba}} (wish), {{t|nha}} (promise)…


== Tones ==
{{t|cả}} = ___ causes ___ => {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
=== Rising tone {{tone|2}} ===
 
Makes a noun phrase out of a verb: {{t|póq}} "the person(s)", {{t|cá}} "the cause(s)"
If a noun for the second slot is needed, use {{t|mú}} and the verb form of the word.
 
{{t|cả}} => {{t|mú cả}} "the thing(s) that was caused"
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
=== Rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}} ===
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Attaches a relative clause to a preceding noun.
Line 105: Line 173:
Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause.
Inside the phrase, {{t|hóa}} refers to the noun attached to. {{t|cy}} ends the clause.


*{{t|póq düa hóa cy}} = "the people who know"
*{{t|póq düa <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the people <u>who</u> know"
*{{t|níaı mäı hóa jí cy}} = "the animal who loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı <u>hóa</u> jí cy}} = "the animal <u>who</u> loves me"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí hóa cy}} = "the animal who I love (it)"
*{{t|níaı mäı jí <u>hóa</u> cy}} = "the animal <u>whom</u> I love"
 
{{t|cy}} is not necessary if the word that immediately follows can terminate the content clause. For example, {{t|cy}} is not needed before {{t|da}} because {{t|da}} already ends the sentence.
</div>


<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
=== Falling tone {{tone|4}} ===
Main verb.
Main verb.
Line 114: Line 186:
*{{t|<u>Mảı</u> jí súq da.}} = "I love you."
*{{t|<u>Mảı</u> jí súq da.}} = "I love you."


Also marks any non-initial word in a serial. In serials (think "unit" of words), only the first word of the serial changes tone. The rest stays in {{tone|4}}. In the example below, only the word {{t|kúo}} changes to {{tone|2}}. The remaining {{t|kảto}} is in {{tone|4}}.
*{{t|Mải jí <u>kúo kảto</u> da.}} = "I love the black cat."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
=== Peaking tone {{tone|5}} ===
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
Starts a [[content clause]], terminated by {{t|cy}}.
Line 121: Line 198:
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."
*{{t|Keo shảo jí <u>nîaı jí cy</u> da.}} = "But I want to be an animal."


{{t|cy}} is not always needed for the same reason as the rising-creaky tone {{tone|3}}.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
=== Mid-falling tone {{tone|6}} ===
A [[preposition]], which makes an [[adverbial]] with the following noun phrase.
It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|nèo míao}} = "on the moon"
* {{t|Kỏy jí súq <u>nèo míao</u>.}} = "I talk to you on the moon."
* {{t|Mảı jí súq <u>kùı pâı súq jí</u>.}} = "I love you because you are my friend."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
=== Falling creaky tone {{tone|7}} ===
An [[adverb]]. It can go before or after the arguments to the main verb.
* {{t|dãı}} = "possibly"
* {{t|Chỉ hó hóq <u>dãı</u> da.}} = "They possibly believe it."
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
=== Neutral tone {{tone|8}} ===
Used for function words like illocutions or determiners. Pronounced as any tonal "break" with the contour of the last word.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== [[Determiner]]s ===
Combine with a verb to make a "determiner phrase".
{| class="wikitable"
! {{t|sa cỉe}}
| a/some fish
|-
! {{t|tu cỉe}}
| every fish
|-
! {{t|sıa cỉe}}
| no fish
|-
! {{t|ke cỉe}}
| the fish
|-
! {{t|[[baq]] cỉe}}
| fish (in general)
|-
! {{t|hı cỉe}}
| which fish?
|}
Or you can omit the verb: {{t|sa}} = "something", {{t|sıa}} = "nothing"…
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card" style="max-width: inherit">
=== Conjunctions ===
Logical conjunctions connect any parts of speech, with a "logic and/or/xor" meaning:
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ra dẻ</u> baq kảto da.}} = "Cats are good '''and/or''' beautiful."
* {{t|<u>Gỉ ro hủı</u> baq hảq da.}} = "Food is '''either''' good '''or''' bad."
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq ru jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I surround the tree." (Both I do, and you do.)
{{t|roı}} is special, and ''combines'' nouns it connects:
* {{t|Rẻı <u>súq roı jí</u> múao.}} = "You '''and''' I '''(together)''' surround the tree."
{{t|rı}} is used in questions:
* {{t|Kảqgaı súq <u>káto rı kúne</u> moq?}} = "Do you see a cat '''or''' a dog?"
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Quotations and names ===
Quotations start with {{t|mo}} and end with {{t|teo}}.
{{t|mı}} is placed before a name.
If you are addressing someone, {{t|hu}} should be added before the name.
* {{t|Hu mí Hỏemaı, lả hỉo ka}} = "Hello, Hoemaı".
Remember to add some separation between the name and the following sentence with {{t|lả}} or something similar.
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== Asking questions ===
{{t|moq}} is the illocution for asking questions.
{{t|mả}} can be used to ask a yes/no question.
* {{t|Mỉ Hỏemaı súq da.}} = "You are Hoemaı."
* {{t|Mả mỉ Hỏemaı súq moq?}} = "Are you Hoemaı?"
{{t|hı}} 'what, which', {{t|tıopuı}} 'how many' may be used to ask non-yes/no questions. Note that {{t|hı}} is a determiner.
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉ}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|rảı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|at
|you
|which
|thing
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="6" |"Where are you?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉsha}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|rào}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|arrive
|you
|when
|which
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="6" |"When did you arrive?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Pủ}}
|{{t|chủq}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|rảı}}
|{{t|ní}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|PST
|eat
|which
|thing
|this/that
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="7" |"Who ate this?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tảo}}
|{{t|súq}}
|{{t|ní}}
|{{t|kùi}}
|{{t|hı}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|do
|you
|this/that
|because
|which
|INT
|?
|-
| colspan="7" |"Why did you do that?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Tỉopuı}}
|{{t|póq}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|how many
|person
|INT
|?
|-
|colspan="4" |"How many people are there?"
|}
<hr>
{| style="text-align: left;"
|{{t|Fả}}
|{{t|tíopuı}}
|{{t|póq}}
|{{t|moq}}
|{{t|?}}
|-
|go
|how many
|person
|INT
|?
|-
|colspan="4" |"How many people went?"
|}
</div>
<div class="cheat-sheet-card">
=== {{t|po}} ===
Used for showing possession, terminated by {{t|ga}}; "{{t|Pó}} [possessor] {{t|ga}} [possessee]"


== Determiners ==
{{t|Nủi pó káto ga nỉoka.}} = "The cat's paws are tiny."
sa, sia, tu, baq, hoi
</div>
== Conjunctions ==
</div>
ru, ra, ro
== Quotations and names ==
mo, teo, mi
== Asking questions ==
ma, hi, ri, moq
== {{t|po}} ==
== Properties ==
ja in {{tone|5}}
Retrieved from "https://toaq.me/Special:MobileDiff/324...1012"